Latest developments of MPGDs with resistive electrodes:

1. Latest developments of MPGDs with resistive electrodes: Developments and tests of the of microstrip gas counters with resistive electrodes R. Oliveira,1V. Peskov,1,2 Pietropaolo,3 P.Picchi4 1CERN, Geneva, Switzerland 2UNAM, Mexico 3INFN Padova, Padova, Italy 4INFN Frascati, Frascati, Italy

2. It looks like nowadays (under the pressure from facts) both the GEM and MICROMEGAS communities accept that in such application as high energy physics experiments sparks in MPGDs are possible Reasons: Raether limit achieved due to the Landay, complex spectra of particles By geometry and gas optimization the spark rate can be done very low, but in some applications, not zero D. Neuret et al , talk at Spark workshop meeting, Saclay,25.01.10 S. Procurour, talk at Mini-week at CERN

3. Hence some efforts of our community should be focused on developing spark-protective MPGDs

4. First successful development was RETGEM R. Oliveira et al., NIM A576, 2007, 362

5. Large- area (10x20cm2) RETGEM with inner metallic strips

6. The spark protective properties of RETGEMs were confirmed by other groups See for example: R. Akimoto et al,presentation at MPGDs conference in Crete

7. Bulk MICROMEGAS R. Oliveira et al, arXiv:1007.0211 and IEEE 57, 2010, 3744

8. Latest design of bulk-MICROMEGS with resistive mesh

9. There also other efforts from various group to develop spark-protective MICROMEGAS

10. Spark protection 5 layers of 1.4 µm Si3N4 WaProt F.Hartjes,Report at the MPGD Conf in Crete • Always needed for gaseous detectors • Spark induced by dense ionisation cluster from the tail of the Landau • Unprotected pixel chip rapidly killed by discharges • WaProt: 7µm thick layer of Si3N4 on anode pads of pixel chip • Normal operation: avalanche charge capacitively coupled to input pad • At spark: discharge rapidly arrested because of rising voltage drop across the WaProt layer • Conductivity of WaProt tuned by Si doping • For sLHC BL we should not exceed 1.6*109 Ωcm (10 V voltage drop) • Has proven to give excellent protection against discharges

11. Very impressive developments are under way by ATLAS group T. Alexopoulos et al., , RD51 Internal report #2010–006

12. In this report we will describe further developments in this direction: Microstrip gas counters with resistive electrodes-R-MSGC MSGCs were the first micropattern gaseous detectors* They are still attractive for some applications *A. Oed, NIM A263, 1988, 351

13. One of the major problem wich standard MSGC had was their “fragility”: they can be easily destroyed by sparks appearing at gains higher than 103-104 (depending on detector quality) A photograph of MSGC damaged by discharges (courtesy of L. Ropelewski)

14. We have developed two designs of R-MSGC: With resistive anode and cathode strips With metallic anode and resistive anode strips

15. R-MSGC #1 Fiber glass plates (FR-4) Cu strips 50 μm wide were created on the top of the fiber glass plate by the photolithographic method Then in contact with the side surfaces of each Cu strip dielectric layers (Pyralux PC1025 Photoimageable coverlay by DuPont) were manufactured; Finally the detector surface was coated with resistive paste and polished so that the anode and the cathode resistive strips become separated by the Coverlay dielectric layer.

16. R-MSGC #2 As a next step the middle part of the Cu strips were coated with 50 μm width layer of photoresist (Fig. d) and the rest of the area of the Cu strip were etched (Fig e); in such a way metallic anode strips 50 μm in width were created. Finally the gaps between Cu anode strip and the cathode resistive strips were filled with glue FR-4 and after it hardening the entire surface was mechanically polished. First by photolithographic technology Cu strip 200 μm in width were created on the top of the FR-4 plate (Figs a and b). Then the gaps between the strips were filled with the resistive paste (Fig. c).

17. The main line which Rui pursue:to use for manufacturing R-MSGCs the same materials as for TGEMs or MICROMEGAS and similar technology to make detectors cheap and affordable

18. For the sake of simplicity no special care was done about edges of the strips However these parts was “enforced” by resistivity MSGC edges

19. Photo of R-MSGC Cu anode strip (50μm width, 400 μm pitch) and resistive cathode strips ( 200 μm width ).

20. Cu strips Ends parts of anode strips Resistive strips

21. Photo of edges of resiststrips

22. Experimental setup Removable preamplification structure

23. Results obtained with R-MSGC #1

24. Surface streamer-old works V. Peskov et al., NIM A397,1997, 243

25. After additional surface cleaning

26. “PPAC” mode* *F. Angelini et al ., NIM A292,1990,199

27. Lessons we learned for tests of prototype #1 1) The maximum achievable gains are low, but sparks were mild and never destroy the detector 2)Gain limitation came from the surface streamers 3) The appearance of the surface streamers can be diminished in detectors with better surface quality and narrow anode width

28. Results obtained with R-MSGC#2 in Ne (Thinner anode strips, better surface quality than in R-MSGC#1)

29. Results obtained with R-MSGC#2 in Ne+5%CH4

30. Rate characteristics Ne Ne+5%CH4

31. Possible applications

32. Noble liquid dark matter detectors See: E. Aprile XENON: a 1-ton Liquid Xenon Experiment for Dark Matter http://xenon.astro.columbia.edu/presentations.html And A. Aprile et al., NIM A338,1994,328, NIM A343,1994,129

33. R-TCOBRA* R-COBRA with resistive electrodes Shielding TGEMs with HV gating capability Charge Event LXe hv hv CsI photocathode *See F.D. Amaro et al., JINST 5 P10002

34. Conclusions ●Preliminary tests described above demonstrate a feasibility of building spark protective MSGCs. In these detectors due the resistivity of electrodes and small capacity between the strips the spark energy was strongly reduced so the strips were not damaged even after a few hundreds sparks. ● The maximum gains achieved in the present designs are lower than one obtained with good quality “classical” MSGC , however more design are in course ● We are planning to apply this technology for manufacturing a CONBRA-type detectors with resistive electrodes The spark-protected COBRA will be an attractive option for the detection of charge and light from the LXe TPC with a CsI photocathode immerses inside the liquid. ● Another option for the LXe TPC, which is currently under the study in our group, is to use LXe doped with low ionization potential substances. In this detector the feedback will be also a problem and thus COBRA with resistive electrode will be also an attractive option.