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The Mughals

The Mughals. HIST 1007 11/22/13. India and Afghanistan. 1030 – Ghaznavids capture Lahore and plunder Northern India Cycle of raiding from Afghanistan 1175 – Ghurids begin systematic conquest of India 1206 – Qutb al-Din Aybeg conquers Delhi.

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The Mughals

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  1. The Mughals HIST 1007 11/22/13

  2. India and Afghanistan • 1030 – Ghaznavids capture Lahore and plunder Northern India • Cycle of raiding from Afghanistan • 1175 – Ghurids begin systematic conquest of India • 1206 – Qutb al-Din Aybeg conquers Delhi Mausoleum of Qutb al-Din Aybeg, Lahore, Pakistan

  3. The Delhi Sultanate (r. 1206-1526) • Series of five short-lived dynasties ruling from Delhi • Mamluk dynasty (1206-1290) • Khilji dynasty (1290-1320) • Tughlaq dynasty (1320-1414) – the dynasty Ibn Battuta is employed by • Sayyid dynasty (1414-1451) • Lodi dynasty (1451-1526) Tughlaqid mausoleum, Delhi

  4. Delhi Sultanate • Dominated by rivalry among Afghan and Turkish military elites • Little chance of a strong, centralized state • Network of Muslim and Hindu lords • Varying approaches to local populations • Destruction of Hindu temples and Buddhist shrines • Replaced with mosques • Importance of place in Hinduism and Buddhism QutbMinar, Delhi

  5. Islam in India • Importation of scholars and Sufis • Mass migrations during Mongol invasions • Establish mosques, madrassas, and khanaqas • Muslim charity and equality attracts poor • Blended high culture – Turko-Persian culture with elite Hindu culture • Translation, Bengali, and Urdu • Turkic military elite and Hindu warrior castes QutbMinar complex, Delhi

  6. Sufism in India • Tradition of asceticism in Hinduism (Yogis) and Buddhism • Bhakti preacher – gives up worldly life for higher knowledge • Ziyara and baraka similar to visitation of shrines and temples • Sufis as non-denominational holy men, syncretism • Successful Sufi leads to conversion • Baba Farid al-Din Ganj-i Shakr (d. 1245) – North Indian Sufi Festival at the shrine of Baba Farid, Pak Pattan, Pakistan

  7. Babur (r. 1495-1530) • Timurid on father’s side • Chinggisid on mother’s side • ~1449 – Timurid Empire divided • Shaybanid Uzbeks • 1495 – Babur Emir of Ferghana Valley • 1497 & 1501 – Sieges of Samarqand • Forced south to Kabul • Builds new coalition to conquer Timurid Empire

  8. Babur • Blood and Salt • A good Turko-Mongol ruler is a strong Turko-Mongol ruler • 1511-1512: Babur conquers territory from Ural Mountains to southern Afghanistan… • …and loses everything but Kabul! • 1526: Raids into India to rebuild army

  9. Babur in India • Babur expands Muslim rule into India • Defeats Lodi Dynasty • Defeats Rajput Dynasties • Brings Timurid Turko-Persian culture with him • Notion of empire • Mughal Empire (r. 1526-1857) • But, it’s not Samarqand!

  10. Akbar (r. 1556-1605)

  11. Akbar and the Hindus • Mansabdars: officials holding land revenues • 70% Muslims born outside of India • 15% Hindus, mostly Rajputs (northern warrior class) • Akbar marries a Rajput, signals unification and social harmony, guarantees all future emperors are mix of Muslim and Hindu.

  12. Akbar and the “Divine Faith” • Mixture of Muslim, Hindu, Zoroastrian, Sikh, and Christian beliefs. • Strong Sufi influence • Oversaw debates of religious scholars representing different faiths, almost as a sport. • Allahu Akbar: “God is great” or “God is Akbar”?

  13. Quiz 3 • Take a clean sheet of paper out and write your name on top of it. • You may use your books and notes • You may use notes on your laptop, but you should not use the internet

  14. Quiz 3 • What should be on the final exam? • Pick one term introduced since the midterm you think deserves to be an ID term on the final exam. • Explain why you think this term is important enough to be included on the final exam. • What would a good definition of the term look like?

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