Chapter 3: The English Colonies

1. Chapter 3: The English Colonies Section 4: The Struggle For Land Pages: 86-91

2. The Struggle For Land • THE FRENCH IN NORTH AMERICA: • Conflict between France and Britain erupted as Britain’s North American Colonial Empire grew and expanded. • British Frontiersmen and traders crossed the Appalachian Mountains into the Ohio Valley, they moved into territory claimed by both France and Britain

3. The Struggle For Land • THE FRENCH IN NORTH AMERICA: • Rene-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de la Salle explored the Mississippi River in the late 1600s (17th Century) and the French began to build forts along the Mississippi River • French Found New Orleans (1718) giving the French command of the Mississippi River

4. The Struggle For Land • THE FRENCH IN NORTH AMERICA: • New France – France’s North American Empire – never reached its potential or strength • France claimed a huge area but never settled it.

5. The Struggle For Land • CULTURES CLASH: • The success of the French Colonial Economy was tied to the Native Americans • American Indians and French Fur Traders • American Indians want European goods (firearms, horses, and metal tools) in exchange for Beaver Pelts and Furs

6. The Struggle For Land • CULTURES CLASH: • Fur Trade: European desire for Furs altered life of the Native Americans – the Native Americans became dependent on Fur Trade for survival • Native Americans spent so much time hunting furs that the Indian villages were forced to buy food they once produced • Because Native Americans want Furs to trade they moved onto other Native American land which resulted in competition

7. The Struggle For Land • CONFLICTS OVER LAND: • European desires for land had an even more disastrous consequence for Native Americans than the European demand for Furs did. • Europeans would take Native American land not registered by deed, cleared, or built upon • A settler said: “it was against the laws of God and Nature that so much land should be idle while so many Christians wanted it to work on.” • The American Indians viewed land differently: they recognized territorial boundaries, but not individual ownership

8. The Struggle For Land • WAR IN NEW ENGLAND: • Pequot Indian Tribe goes to war against the English over land • 1636, The English and their Narraganset and Mohegan allies fought the Pequot • The Fight ended in 1637, when the English burned the Pequot village killing hundreds of Pequot Indians and virtually destroyed the Pequot

9. The Struggle For Land • THE WAR IN NEW ENGLAND: • 1675, Wampanoag Chief Metacomet – called King Philip by the English – led the American Indians against the colonists; an estimated 3,000 Native Americans and Metacomet died

10. The Struggle For Land • “The last wars…have reduced them (Native Americans) to a small number, and consequently they are incapable of defending themselves.” • By a Frenchman

11. The Struggle For Land • THE IROQUOIS LEAGUE: a political confederation of American Indian Nations that spoke one of the Iroquoian languages • Six Nations (Cayoga, Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Seneca in NY and Pennsylvania formed the League. • Tuscarora (North Carolina) joined the League – Now the League is also known as SIX NATIONS

12. The Struggle For Land • IROQUOIS LEAGUE: • The Iroquois League dominated the Fur Trade • The Iroquois League acted as middlemen by obtaining Furs from other American Indians and selling them to the English • The Iroquois League played the English and French against each other

13. The Struggle For Land • THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR: • England, France and Spain are engaging in a worldwide struggle to be the biggest Empire • The Fighting spilled over into the North America • The English Colonists were dragged into three wars • 1) King Williams War (1689-1697) • 2) Queen Anne’s War (1702-1713) • 3) King George’s War (1744-1748)

14. The Struggle For Land • THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR: • Albany Plan of Union: Benjamin Franklin wanted a loose confederation of the colonies to promote defense • Colonial Governments and the English Parliament rejected the plan because they feared it would weaken Britain’s power over the colonies

15. The Struggle For Land • THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR: competition for the Ohio Valley – Both the French and British felt the Ohio Valley was highly valuable • The French and Indian War began in the colonies but then spread to Europe in 1756, and became known as the Seven Years’ War

16. The Struggle For Land • THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR: • Both the French and British felt the Ohio Valley was highly valuable • Virginia Land Speculators – people who bought land expecting quick profits from resale – had acquired a large land grant in the Ohio Valley • Ohio Company – a group of Virginians and British built a Fort to protect their investment

17. The Struggle For Land • THE FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR: • The French considered the land theirs and drove the Ohio Company off and built Fort Duquesne. • Virginia sent young, George Washington, and a company of militia to expel the French, but the French held firm. • The French and Native Americans succeeded to defeat the British and Colonial settlers

18. The Struggle For Land • BRITISH VICTORIES: • British fortunes improve when William Pitt took full-control of the war effort • He defeated the French which meant that the British can prevent French supplies from reaching Canada. • The British take Fort Duguesne which is present-day Pittsburgh • After the British wins war Iroquois League supports the British and the French lost Indian Allies in the Ohio Valley and the French go to Canada

19. The Struggle For Land • THE SPOILS OF WAR: • War in North America ended in 1761 • In 1763, the Treaty of Paris ended hostilities in North America and awarded territories • British Got Canada and all French holdings east of the Mississippi River Except New Orleans • Spain now received France’s vast Louisianna territory west of the Mississippi in 1762 “TREATY OF FONTAINEBLEAU