APWH Review

1. APWH Review Unit 1 11/28/2006

2. Land • APWH divides the world into 11 regions • East Asia • Southeast Asia • South Asia • Central Asia • Southwest Asia (Middle East & North Africa) • Sub-Saharan Africa • Eastern Europe • Western Europe • North America • Latin America • Oceania

3. Oceans and Seas • Arctic Ocean – smallest of the world’s oceans and packed with ice most of the year. • Indian Ocean – 3rd largest ocean, has seen extensive trade since the people of the Harappan civilization sailed to trade with Sumer. • Atlantic Ocean – Rich history of exchange between the Western and Eastern Hemispheres. Produced an encounter between African, American, and European people. • Pacific Ocean – Largest ocean. Dotted with islands. Bering Sea was the route of earliest inhabitants. East and Southeast Asia communicated and traded via South China Sea, East China Sea, and Sea of Japan.

5. Civilization vs. Society • Civilization displays 5 characteristics: • Advanced cities • Advanced technology • Skilled workers • Complex institutions (ex: government, religion) • A system of writing of recordkeeping • Societies do not have ALL 5 characteristics but can still be important.

6. The Transition from Foraging to Agriculture • Independent emergence of agriculture is the most significant development in world history. • Neolithic Revolution = slow process of switching from forage to agriculture • Includes animals as well as plants.

7. Timeline of Agriculture Key developments in the history of agriculture show the following events in the process: • Ag. Began sometime after 9000 B.C.E. w/ the cultivation of grain crops in SW Asia. Animals too. • 7000 B.C.E. W. Africa starts to develop root crops (yams, sorghum) • 6500 B.C.E Chinese cultivate rice (Yangtze River) • 5500 B.C.E Huang He start to cultivate soybeans, millet, pigs, chickens, and water buffalo • 3500 B.C.E. SE Asia grew yams and citrus • 4000 BCE central Mexico start developing Corn • 3000 BCE potatoes in the Andean region of South America.

8. Spread of Agriculture • After ag. was established independently in various locations across the globe, the knowledge of crop cultivation spread rapidly.

9. Characteristics of Early Ag. Societies • Ag was more work than foraging but was more reliable, thus produced higher populations. • Villages turned into cities and people started specializing in different jobs. • 2 early and notable ag settlements: • Jericho – 8000 BCE in present day Israel. Thick walls to repel invaders. • Catal Huyuk – 7000 BCE in Anatolia (Turkey). Traded with neighbors

10. Early Metallurgy • The science or procedures of extracting metals from their ores, or purifying metals and of casting useful items form the metals. • Copper was the first metal used. • Later gold and bronze (copper and tin) • Iron working was developed independently in Central Asia and sub-Saharan Africa

11. The Beginnings of Cities • As population increased large cities came about. • New roles emerged as cities required administrators, collectors of taxes and tribute, and religious leaders.

13. Structure of Early Civilizations • 4 primary civilizations: • Egypt • Mesopotamia • Indus River Valley • Huang He Valley

14. Mesopotamia • Tigris and Euphrates rivers • Independent innovation and achievement that spread to the other river valleys. • Used bronze and copper • Invented the wheel and irrigation • 3500 BCE = Invaders = Sumerians • Sumerians developed cuneiform (1st writing)

15. Mesopotamia (cont’d) • Sumerians developed a number system based on 60 and studied astronomy. • Built ziggurats • Wrote the Epic of Gilgamesh • The Rivers were known to be unpredictable and flood violently. • Violent + Unpredictable = Irrigation = Government

16. Mesopotamia (cont’d again) • Government was in the form of city states • City government also controls land around the city • The social structure was headed by rulers and elites. • Land was farmed by slaves • Families were patriarchal = men had authority to sell wives and children into slavery to pay debts • Code of Hammurabi drew distinctions between social classes and genders. • Women had begun to wear the veil in public • Some women became scribes, priestesses, or owned small businesses

17. Mesopotamia (cont’d again, last time) • Mesopotamia was vulnerable to outside invaders • Frequent conflicts between city-states weakened the region • By 900 BCE, Assyrians and Persians dominated the region.

18. Egypt • 3000 BCE • Nile overflowed annually = irrigation…eventually = government • King = Pharaoh • Pyramids by 2700 BCE • Polytheistic • Many social classes + ability to move up = happy poor people • Patriarchal families but women worked as regents and scribes

19. Egypt (cont’d) • Bronze after Mesopotamians • Iron from the Kingdom of Kush to the south • Hieroglyphics = cuneiform rip-off • Surrounding deserts kept Egypt safe for a while

20. Indus Valley • 2500 BCE • Present day Pakistan • Unpredictable and violent flooding • Major urban centers = Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro • City planning + running water + sewage systems. • Harappan writing has yet to be deciphered • Active trade between Indus and Sumer via Persian Gulf • Overtaken by the Aryans • The blending of Aryans and native Indians effect Indian history to this day (religion, city planning)

21. The Shang (China) • Most isolated of the 4 • Huang He valley • Isolated by deserts, mountains, and seas • Traded with SW Asia and S. Asia • Shang (1766-1122 BCE) = 1st written record • Bronze age people • 1000 BCE became familiar with Iron • Central rule to oversee irrigation and flood-control projects

22. The Shang (cont’d) • Shang society was stratified • Ruling elites • Artisans • Peasants • Slaves • Early China was matrilineal but by Shang women were subordinate • Shang fell to Zhou about 1122 BCE • Claimed the Mandate of Heaven

23. Classical Civilizations and great empires Han Rome (Greco – Roman) Greek – Persian (Hellenistic) Gupta

24. Empires • Initial development • Resources available • Adaptability • Demographic concerns • How can you feed your people • Usually some period where conflict between agricultural productivity and availability of luxuries • Have to placate the farmers and peasants • Labor concerns • Period of great productivity and cultural advancement (Pax Romana, Pax Sinica, Pax Mongolica) • Less outside challenges from one source • Lots of minor challenges so have to increase army which means relying on those whom you conquered • Technological advancements to maintain empire (aquaducts for Romans) • Centralization of power • Decline • Corruption • Morality concerns • Religious issues • Economic crisis • Succession and dynastic issues • Expansion is required but cannot hold onto borders • Outside invaders

25. Ancient Greece • Aegean, Minoan, Mycenaean Civilizations • Trading Societies (enviornmental determinism) • Conquest (Trojan war) • Joined into single Culture called Hellenes or Greeks • Archaic period • Greek City States: Polis • Athens, Sparta (Thebes, Corenthia, Attica, others) • Athens: educated, great thinkers • metics • Sparta: Warlike, Soldiers, Military Strength • Helots • xenophobic

26. Ancient Greece (cont’d) • Beginnings of Democracy • Golden Age • Began in Athens • Pericles • Not full enfranchisement • Most representative Government in Ancient World

27. Four Reformers (Tyrants) • DRACO • SOLON • PISISTRATUS • CLEISTHENES

28. Ancient Greece • Peloponnesian War • Conflict between Athens and Sparta • Left Greece Weak • Open to conquest from Persians and then Macedonian “Alexander the Great” • Alexander the Great • Great Conqueror, took over Asia, Persian Empire, territory to borderlands of India • Spread Greek Culture throughout Eurasia • Hellenic Culture • Science was important, Geometry, physics, mathematics and astronomy • Poetry (Homer), Drama(Sophocles, Aeschyles, Euripedes) Philosophy, (Socrates, Plato)

29. Persian • Achaemenid • Xerxes (Persian wars against Greek City States 499 BCE) • Seleucid, Parthian, and Sasanid • Buffer states for Rome and Kushan • Incorporated into the Islamic Empires beginning in 651 CE • Foundations of Safavids • Shah Abbas

30. Oligarchy • Rule by a group of elite families or rule by a few • Monarchy • Leadership by one person passed through family • constitutional Monarchy limits to power by constitution or parliament (Pharaoh) • Republic • Citizens all participate in government • is government that is voted upon (elected) • Democracy • All citizens play the same role in government • Theocracy • Rule by the church or priests (No separation of Church and State) • Tyrant • takes control

31. Ancient Rome • Archaic Period • Etruscans, Sabines, Latium • Rome built 753 BCE • Roman Republic (509) last of Tarqiun kings • Tensions between Plebeians (lower class) and Patrician (upper class) called struggle of the orders • Beginning of Roman expansion • Punic Wars • Three Campaigns against Carthage • Rome was Victorious • Began expanding to the East (Greece, Balkans) • Collapse of Roman Republic • Too Much expansion • Caused Social Problems, Civil wars • Solidification of Leadership under single hand • Roman empire • Julius Caesar, Octavian (Caesar Agustus)

32. Eras of Rome • Archaic – 753 BCE city of Rome is built • Roman Republic • 509 • Imperial Era • Fall of Rome 476 CE • Odacer, Ostrogoth • City of Rome already sacked in 410 by Aleric, a Visogoth • Pax Romana (27 BCE – 180 CE) • Colluseum built • Aquaducts • Virgils “Aenid” • Livy • 5 Good Emperors

33. Temple of Jupiter on the Capitoline hill • Basilica Julia • Temple of Saturn • Rostra • Temple of Vespasian • Tabularium • Temple of Concord • Arch of Septimius Severus    Urbanization

34. Silk Road • Series of routes that connected east with west around the beginning of both Pax Romana and Pax Sinica • gold and other precious metals, ivory, precious stones, and glass, which was not manufactured in China until the fifth century • furs, ceramics, jade, bronze objects, lacquer and iron • Most significant exchange was Buddhism

35. Han Dynasty • Strongest and longest dynasty • Expansionist Empire • Postal system • Roads • Defensive fortifications • Weak Leadership caused collapse • Corruption and leadership issues • Had to protect the expanding borders some that encouraged trade along the silk road • Silk road brought “bandits” that threatened the outer borders of the Han dynasty

36. India • Aryans • Nomadic Group invaded India • Earliest Europeans • Conquered the Dravidians (Dark Skinned Indians) • Established Warrior Aristocracy • Established Sanskrit • Vedic Era and Early Hindu faith • Caste System • Priests (Brahmins) • Warriors and Political Rulers (Kshatruyas) • Commoners • Servants and Peasants • The “Untouchables” • Born into Caste; Cannot be changed

37. India Continued • Mauryan empire • Ashoka: famous Emperor • Converted to Buddhism • Collapsed from outside attacks • Laws of Manu • Guapta Empire • Religious toleration • Muslim invaders

38. Cultural Development • India was more open to contact and invasion and less internally coherent than the Middle Kingdom (interior mountains etc), which helps explain the differences in openness to influence, and political stability. • Ethnocentrism • Xenophobia later

39. Role of WomenHan and Gupta • Both cultures were characterized by extensive inequality and patriarchalism; differences existed in social organization and tone of patriarchal culture. • India showed more emphasis on beauty, cleverness, and sexuality in women, while China displayed a more stereotypical emphasis on female deference.

40. Societal comparison • China's society featured less rigid structure, slightly more opportunity for mobility although there was some mobility within castes • different rules and cultural enforcements • Law of Manu vrs. Confucianism • different regard for merchants and specific contrasts in the definition and function of "mean people" versus untouchables. • Dharma encouraged merchants in Gupta • Merchants brought outside cultures and were not socially accepted

41. Environmental Determinism • India was more open to contact and invasion and less internally coherent than the Middle Kingdom (interior mountains etc), which helps explain the differences in openness to influence, and political stability • India absorbed other cultures while China remains ethnically homogeneous (90 % of all Chinese trace their ancestry back to the Han dynasty)

42. Comparison’s of Classical Civilizations • Roman and Han • Similarities include timeframe and chronologies; • geographical extent, the need to integrate large territories, the use of some central bureaucracy, and the army. • Differences helping to explain Rome's earlier demise • cultural support for imperialism despite law, no equivalent to Confucianism; • more tolerance of local rule; • more dependence on expansion for labor supply, etc. • Also, Rome suffered some bad luck, perhaps, in the form of invasions

43. Comparison’s of Classical Civilizations (cont’d) • Greek and Roman political structures • Similarities • emphasis on aristocratic principles with some democratic elements, localism, and city-state units. • Differences • Rome had more emphasis on unifying laws and more success in developing institutions for empire. (Students could be assigned some additional reading on this topic.)

44. Comparison’s of Classical Civilizations (cont’d) • Greek, Roman, and Confucian ideals. • All three share common political emphases such as the importance of loyalty, service, and hierarchy. • Greek and Roman ideals were more aristocratic, though, where Confucian ideals stressed training and responsibility, Confucianism focused more on political order and imperial hierarchy. • Greece and Rome were similar to each other, but Rome emphasized law and experienced tension between local and imperial orientations from late Republic onward as a result.

45. Economic Exchange • Merchant's roles in India where they enjoyed cultural support via applicable features of dharma in the Mediterranean, which students can position as an intermediate case needing careful treatment, • foreigners and some differences between Greece and Rome. • China, emphasize cultural stigma

46. Decline of Classical Empires • Han and Rome exhibited different degrees of political centralization and bureaucratization and different degrees of prior cultural integration. • Rome faced more invasions and you need to note the success of "eastern Rome". • outside factors • invasions • disease • internal problems of • morale • political structure • economics

47. Religions Universal Ethnic Syncretic State Animism Pagan

48. Classification • Three universal religions • Christianity • Buddhism • Islam • Three Monotheistic • Christianity • Judaism • Islam • Cultural/ethnic religions • Confucianism • Judaism • Shintoism

49. Religions • Judaism (8000 – 6000 BCE) • Hebrews • Monotheistic • YAWEH • Covenant • Monotheism represented a significant departure from polytheism in its concept of ethics and ideas of justice and in the extent to which the world was viewed as orderly. • Islam (632 CE) • Founded by Muhammad • Five Pillars • Allah

50. Religions Continued • Christianity (1st Century CE) • Messiah: Jesus • Paul Changed Christianity • Among other innovations, he opened the faith to non-Jews and shifted its orientation more toward the Greco-Roman intellectual tradition • Evangelical • Catholicism • Split into eastern and western later to become catholic and orthodoxy • Reformation beginning 1517 created Lutheran and Calvinism later to become Protestant churches with Puritans and anti-baptists