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Introduction to Genetics

Introduction to Genetics. Rels 300 / Nurs 330 12 February 2014. CELLS: fundamental working units 100 trillion cells in human body all but the blood cells & reproductive cells contain entire human genome.

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Introduction to Genetics

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  1. 300/330 - appleby

  2. Introduction to Genetics Rels 300 / Nurs 330 12 February 2014

  3. CELLS: fundamental working units 100 trillion cells in human body all but the blood cells & reproductive cells contain entire human genome BASICSOF GENETICS VIDEO by David Murawsky, Stem Cell Network http://vimeo.com/20898800 300/330 - appleby

  4. Chromosomes • each cell has 46 chromosomes • 23 pairs • except: • sperm and egg cells have 22 each • blood cells • each chromosome contains DNA for thousands of individual genes 300/330 - appleby

  5. DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) • 4 chemical bases • adenine (A) • thymine (T) • guanine (G) • cytosine (C) • A pairs with T • G pairs with C • carry genetic information • tightly coiled double strands 300/330 - appleby

  6. organism’s complete set of DNA smallest organism - a bacterium - contains about 600,000 DNA base pairs both human and mouse genomes have about 3 billion DNA base pairs Genome – VIDEOhttp://vimeo.com/28957658 300/330 - appleby

  7. Human Genome Resources Human Genome Project Information Archive 1990-2003 http://web.ornl.gov/sci/techresources/Human_Genome/project/index.shtml National Human Genome Research Institute http://www.genome.gov/ Genome Canada (Atlantic) http://www.genomeatlantic.ca/ Your Genes, Your Health http://www.ygyh.org/ Health Centre for Genetics Education (NSW, Australia) http://www.genetics.edu.au/ 300/330 - appleby

  8. MAPPING THE HUMAN GENOME https://public.ornl.gov/site/gallery/highres/GenomePoster2009.pdf http://web.ornl.gov/sci/techresources/Human_Genome/posters/chromosome/ 300/330 - appleby

  9. Mapping the Human GenomeChromosome 4 • Huntington Disease • Picture [https://public.ornl.gov/site/gallery/originals/Chrom04.jpg] • Huntington disease (HD) is an inherited brain disorder. HD causes cells in parts of the brain to die: specifically the caudate, the putamen and, as the disease progresses, the cerebral cortex. As the brain cells die, a person with Huntington’s becomes less able to control movements, recall events, make decisions and control emotions. The disease leads to incapacitation and, eventually, death. • http://www.huntingtonsociety.ca/learn-about-hd/what-is-huntingtons/ 300/330 - appleby

  10. Check out this link: http://www.ygyh.org/Your Genes Your Health • Choose a genetic disease or condition from the links on the next page • become “experts” on it for the class • research its diagnosis, symptoms, age of onset, gender of victims Genetic knowledge: • inheritance patterns? • location? • treatments? • future potential for correction, treatment or prevention? For more info: http://www.genetics.edu.au/Publications-and-Resources/Genetics-Fact-Sheets 300/330 - appleby

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  12. Examples of GeneticConditions & Diseases 300/330 - appleby

  13. Genetic Therapies What is a stem cell? http://vimeo.com/74878202 What’s so great about a stem cell? Stem cells have the ability to replicate themselves Bone marrow contains stem cells that produce red blood cells throughout a person’s life; skin stem cells constantly replenish the skin which is shed and replaced in a constant cycle of regeneration; muscle stem cells repair damaged muscle cells Where will researchers get stem cells? In 1999, Canadian researchers developed a stem cell treatment for Type 1 diabetes; the Edmonton Protocol involves the implantation of pancreatic islets. The problem, however, was finding an adequate source of pancreatic stem cells; pancreases from 2 organ donors was needed to produce enough stem cells for 1 patient 300/330 - appleby

  14. What are embryonic stem cells?http://vimeo.com/75258017 Stem cell research and IVF research converge Totipotent cells = cells of the very early embryo that differentiate into the placenta, the embryo, and all fetal tissues and organs; currently, it is not possible to continue the growth of totipotent cells Embryonic stem (ES) cells= stem cells that form within the inner cell mass of a 4-5 day old embryo; may be induced to develop a wide range of cells (pluripotent) Where do embryonic stem cells come from? Fetal tissue from miscarriages or abortions IVF embryos not needed for procreative purposes; surplus frozen embryos; embryos created for research purposes 300/330 - appleby

  15. Adult Stem Cells Adult stem cells = cells which are already differentiated or specialized, e.g., neural or skin cells This may make them less adaptable in producing desired cell growth, e.g., as pancreatic islet cells or muscle tissue Embryonic stem cells replicate more easily in culture, and an embryonic stem cell line can be sustained for a longer period of time than an adult stem cell line What are induced pluripotent stem cells? http://vimeo.com/77546203 In 2007, researchers successfully transformed adult stem cells into pluripotent stem cells; the cells were genetically reprogrammed to act like embryonic stem cells 300/330 - appleby

  16. Any other sources of stem cells? • Umbilical cord blood may be used to treat genetic blood diseases and cancers • Does not need a genetic match between donor and recipient • May be stored in a stem cell bank for future use • Currently, no national cord blood stem cell registry or bank • Amniotic fluid also contains embryonic stem cells • Potential for use, but still in research stage 300/330 - appleby

  17. What ethical concerns arise? • Sources of embryonic stem cells • Fertilized ova have begun cell division • Fertilized ova have the potential to become embryos → fetuses → live-born infants What is the moral status of a fertilized egg, pre-embryo or embryo? What is the moral status of a fetus? Or of the tissue from an aborted or miscarried fetus? • Is embryonic stem cell research tainted by ethical concerns surrounding IVF – such as the use or disposal of surplus embryos? • Is embryonic stem cell research tainted by the abortion controversy? 300/330 - appleby

  18. Is there another way? On May 16, 2013, scientists announced that they had, for the first time, produced embryos using skin cells, and then used the embryos to make stem cell lines. http://www.cnn.com/2014/01/29/health/stem-cell-discovery/ 300/330 - appleby

  19. APR. 30, 2013 Surgeons at Children's Hospital of Illinois build and implant a windpipe, using plastic fibers and human stem cells, into 2-year-old Hannah Warren; groundbreaking surgery makes Warren, who was born without a trachea, the youngest person ever to receive a bioengineered organ. http://www.nytimes.com/2013/04/30/science/groundbreaking-surgery-for-girl-born-without-windpipe.html?_r=0 300/330 - appleby

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