Veterinary Science

1. Veterinary Science Safety & Sanitation

2. Why is the knowledge of safety & sanitation important in veterinary medicine? • Potentially hazardous situations working with animals • Hazardous chemicals, animal wastes & x-rays

3. OSHA • Occupational Health and Safety Administration (OSHA) • Regulates & monitors employee safety in the work place • Developed guidelines: Hazard Communication Standard (HCS) • “Right to know” • MSDS

4. MSDSMaterial Safety Data Sheet • Includes 8 sections: • Manufacturer Information • Hazard Ingredients/ Identity Information • Physical/ Chemical Characteristics • Fire and Explosion Hazard Data • Reactivity Data • Health Hazard Data • Precautions for Safe Handling and Use • Control Measures

5. MSDSMaterial Safety Data Sheet • Manufacturers must provide one for every chemical • Employers must provide training: • Hazards of specific chemicals • Use of protective clothing • How to use MSDS

6. Physical Hazards • Most common type of injury in vet hospital • Animal injuries – bites, kicking, scratches • Back injuries – improperly lifting heavy objects or animals • Falls on wet floors • Exposure to x-rays • Wear proper clothing & footwear, learn animal behavior, handling & restraint techniques.

7. Chemical Hazards • Drugs • Cleaning agents • Insecticides • Anesthetic gases • Many are used routinely • Can cause damage to skin, eyes, lungs • Some may cause abortions and/or fetal abnormalities

8. Biological hazards • Living tissue and organisms • Blood • Urine • Live vaccines • Medical waste that has had contact with living tissue (urine soaked blankets, bandage material, etc.) • Needles and scalpels “Sharps”

9. Biological hazards • Medical wastes must be sterilized, incinerated, or chemically disinfected before they are disposed of. • Gloves & protective clothing should be worn when handling biohazards

10. Zoonotic hazards • Any disease that can be passed from animals to humans • Viruses, bacteria, parasites & fungi can cause zoonotic diseases

11. Viruses Rabies (Hydrophobia) Sleeping Sickness (Encephalitis) Bacteria Cat Scratch Fever Leptospirosis Salmonellosis Brucellosis Anthrax Tuberculosis Parasites Sarcoptic mange Toxoplasmosis Visceral Larva Migrans (Toxocariasis) Creeping Eruption (Ancylostomiasis) Fungus Ringworm Zoonotic hazards

12. Preventing spread of diseases • Vaccinate animals & humans • Proper waste disposal • Isolate infected animals • Proper handling of infected animals • Proper sanitation of hospital • Hand washing • Wearing protective clothing

13. Safety signs & equipment Radioactive Danger Biohazard Wet Floor Dosimeter Lead Gloves Lead Apron Back Brace

14. Drug Use and safety • 1970: Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention & Control Act • Title II: Controlled Substances Act • Regulate the manufacture & distribution of drugs • Must keep drugs in a locked container that only approved people have access to • Daily Log

15. Drug Schedules • Schedule I:no medical use – high abuse • Heroin, Methaqualone, LSD, Peyote, Psilocybin, Marijuana, Hashish, Hash Oil, amphetamine variants. • Schedule II:accepted medical use – high abuse • Dilaudid, Demerol, Methadone, Cocaine, PCP, Morphine, and cannabis, amphetamine and barbiturate types. • Schedule III: accepted medical use – medium abuse • Opium, Vicodan, Tylenol w/codine, and narcotic, amphetamine and barbiturate types. • Schedule IV:accepted medical use – low abuse • Darvocet, Xanax, Valium, Halcyon, Ambien, Ativan, barbiturate types. • Schedule V:accepted medical use – very low abuse • Lomotil, Phenergan, liquid suspensions.

16. Types of Sanitation • Sanitation-process of keeping something free of any elements that would endanger health. • Cleaning –physically removing all visible signs of dirt and organic matter such as feces, blood, hair, etc. • Disinfecting –destroying most microorganisms on nonliving things by physical or chemical means

17. Types of Sanitation • Sterilizing – destroying ALL microorganisms and viruses on an object using chemicals and/or heat under pressure • Antiseptics – solutions that destroy microorganisms or inhibit their growth on living tissue

18. Alcohols – ethyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, ethanol Aldehydes – gluteraldehyde, formaldehyde Chlorine – bleach Iodine and Iodophors – Betadine, iodine Quaternary ammonias – Centrimide, Quatsyl-D Commonly Used chemicals

19. Effective against gram positive & gram negative bacteria Irritating to tissues Alcohol

20. Effective against gram positive & negative bacteria, fungi & most viruses Irritating & toxic to tissues ALdehydes

21. Effective against gram positive & negative bacteria, fungi & most viruses Irritating & toxic to tissues Cheapest, most effective chemical disinfectant Chlorine

22. Effective against gram positive & negative bacteria & fungi Stains & irritates tissues Iodine & Iodophors

23. Effective against gram positive & negative bacteria, some fungi & some viruses Deodorizes Quaternary Ammonias

24. Physical cleaning – using a chemical with a mop or sponge Cold sterilization – soaking items in a disinfectant chemical until they are used Dry heat – incinerating an object or exposing it to flame Radiation – using ultraviolet or gamma rays, expensive & dangerous Filtration – removing particles from the air using a physical barrier Ultrasound – passing high frequency sound waves through a solution to create a vibration that scrubs an object to remove debris Autoclave – a sealed chamber in which objects are exposed to heat and steam under pressure Methods of Sanitation