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Chapter 32: The Progressive Era 1890-1920 Section 1: The Origins of Progressivism

Chapter 32: The Progressive Era 1890-1920 Section 1: The Origins of Progressivism. The Origins of Progressivism A. Introduction 1. Progressivism . What is it? a political attitude favoring or advocating changes or reform. First real social movement since 1840s Attacked evil in Society

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Chapter 32: The Progressive Era 1890-1920 Section 1: The Origins of Progressivism

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  1. Chapter 32: The Progressive Era 1890-1920 Section 1: The Origins of Progressivism

  2. The Origins of Progressivism • A. Introduction • 1. Progressivism. What is it? • a political attitude favoring or advocating changes or reform. • First real social movement since 1840s • Attacked evil in Society • Large multicolored army • Started with Greenbacks and Populists • Individualism did not work in the modern world • Laissez Faire Dead • Competing with Progressives? • Socialists • Wanted new government • Needed to stop them • Also a heavy focus on Feminism

  3. But what would the regular people read? • Muckrakers • 1902ish they became popular • McClure's, Cosmo, Everybody's • TR not always a fan • Key MRS • Steffens: Shame of Cities • Tarbell: Standard Oil • Phillips: Treason of Senate • Baker: Following the Color line • Spargo: Bitter Cry of the Children • Wiley: attacked Patent meds, experimented on self!

  4. Who were the targets? • The number one target was the trust • Many writings about the evils of trusts • Lloyd wrote: Wealth Against the Commonwealth • Veblen wrote: The Theory of the Leisure Class • Riis: How the Other Half Lives • Dreiser: The Financier and The Titan

  5. B. The Four Goals1. Protect Social Welfare. How? Settlement Houses: Homes for the homeless/ Jane Addams YMCA: libraries and sports for poor Salvation Army: Soup kitchens Henry Street Settlement Hull House

  6. 2. Promoting Moral Improvement. How? Prohibition: ban alcohol/ Carry Nation WCTU: went into saloons and made scene Kindergartens, visiting sick and prisons (November 25, 1846 - June 9, 1911)

  7. 3. Creating Economic Reform. How? Fear Socialism: Eugene V. Debs Said business had too much power Government can be trusted more than individuals Monopolies should be broken apart (November 5, 1855 – October 20, 1926)

  8. 4. Foster Efficiency Make society better and faster? Shortened hours, better conditions Scientific Management Assembly lines Not always better for workers Speed was controlled by boss Tried to make better, did it? Sir Charles Spencer "Charlie" Chaplin Modern Times (1936)

  9. Political Progressivism • Mainly Middle Class men and women • Beat up by big corporations and gov • Stop the trust • Stop Socialists • Both parties

  10. Pol. Prog. The HOW Regain Power • Direct Primary • Initiative • Referendum: People approve, not Congress • Recall

  11. 4. Clean up elections 5. Secret Ballot 6. Direct Election WOMEN VOTE????

  12. Political Progressivism • More successful at city levels • Galveston, Texas • New ideas like: • City Manager to cut out bosses • Ending Graft • Attacking slumlords

  13. Reform Mayor a. Hazen Pingree: Detroit Targeted corrupt utility companies, railroads and construction. Built schools and parks He gained national recognition through his "potato patch plan," a systematic use of vacant city land for gardens which would produce food for the city's poor. Hazen Stuart Pingree (August 30, 1840 – June 18, 1901) Statue of Pingree in Grand Circus Park, Detroit.

  14. State level reforms • Had some success at state level if there were good Govs • Wisc: Lafollette • California: Johnson • NY: Hughes • Used methods like regulating utilities • Response to tragedies like the Triangle to create safety measures

  15. B. State Government 1. Governor Robert Lafollette (Wisconsin) Targeted the RR. Why? To protect children Too many children working Earning less pay Not going to school Victims of accidents What would that mean for future? Used photography to show horrors Led to the Keating's Owen Act (1916): stopped transportation of goods produced by children across state lines. (June 14, 1855– June 18, 1925)

  16. Progressive Women • Women play a major role • Middle Class women wake up to problems • Separate Sphere’s for women led to moral Reform

  17. Progressive Women • Women focus on sweat shops and immigrants Muller v. Oregon Brandeis convinced SC to laws that protected women’s rights at work Lochner v. NY Setback No shortened workday https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hCB4SgXRgKg

  18. Still under progressive women • Prohibition • WCTU: Willard • Anti Saloon League • City vs. Country values

  19. TR’s Square Deal • Square Deal • Fair deal for everyone • Wanted to reform the Three C’s

  20. C #1 • First test of reform: Coal Strike • Baer was mine owner • TR invites to WH • Baer tries to take lead, TR mad • Workers get 10% raise, but no recognition

  21. TR CORRALS the Corporation • Wants to strengthen ICC • 1903 Elkins Act (rebates) • 1906 Hepburn Act (free passes) • TR says there are some good Trusts and only kill the bad ones • 1902 Northern Securities: SC upheld break up

  22. Caring for the Consumer • 1906 The Jungle • 1906 Meat Inspection Act • US Food and Drug Act

  23. 668;669;672-3 • How do these acts illustrate a movement towards conservation? • Who did TR appoint to address the issues of conservation and use of the forests? • What battle did the conservationists lose? • What two fronts did TR have to fight?

  24. Earth Control • Country had started to get good use of land before TR • Desert Land Act 1877 • Forest Reserve Act 1891 • Carey Act 1894

  25. Newlands Act 1902 • Sell land and use money for irrigation • Roosevelt Dam • Set aside land to save from business • Conservation creative use of land • 125 million acres set aside, but also land for coal set aside • Most Enduring Tangible achievement

  26. Literature of time London • 1913 Hetch Hetchy Valley Dam (setback) • Dam built in Yosemite for San Fran • Pinchot (chief forester) and TR: how to use land, but not destroy it completely • Multiple use resource management

  27. Roosevelt Panic • 1904 Roosevelt elected • Public wanted more • Panic hit (1907) • Conservatives mad, said he was too out there • Aldrich Vreeland Act: • Authorized national banks to issue emergency currency

  28. Rough Rider Thunders Out/Taft Square Peg/Dollar Diplomacy • 1908 TR goes • Needs replacement • Picks Taft • Came in and split party • Believed in Dollar Diplomacy: • Use wall street to uphold policy • Investment will be looked at as good will

  29. China: first attempt • Sec of State Knox tried to buy Manchurian RR to keep Russia and Japan out • Pump money into Caribbean to build up Monroe Doctrine • Sent troops if had too

  30. Taft real Trustbuster • 90 suits to TRs 44 • Standard Oil and US Steel! • Split party? • Promises to Lower tariff • Payne Aldrich Bill • Not a good bill, but Taft not admit it • Did not lower much in end • Canary seed and sea moss?

  31. Ballinger Pinchot B=Sec. of Interior P = Chief of agriculture B opens land in Wy, AK, and Mont for corporations Pinchot says bad idea Taft fires Pinchot, upsets TR What did Taft do? Did set up Bureau of Mines Rescued land from coal mining Protected water sites from private development Taft Splits Party

  32. Progressive wing up in arms Tariff, Ballinger affair, upsets Taft would not attack Uncle Joe Cannon TR comes home and makes speech for New Nationalism Taft and Teddy Rupture

  33. 1911 National Progressive Republican League formed Lafollette leading candidate My hat is in the ring says TR Overpowered Lafollette Repub Convention goes with Taft TR starts 3rd party

  34. Chapter 33 The Emergence of Woodrow Wilson

  35. Wilson Who? • Democrats on outs since 1897 • Need a Candidate • Wilson a Progressive Democrat • 1902 Wilson President of Princeton • 1910 New Jersey Governor • Bosses help him in, but not a tool • Against the Triple Wall of Privilege • Went after Trusts • Wanted to give states more power

  36. 1912 Election • 1912: Battle of Progressivism • Wilson: New Freedom • Aided by Bryan • Wilson: Small enterprise, free, unregulated business. No monopolies • Repubs split • Bull Moose: TR • New Nationalism • Women's suffrage • Soc. Welfare • Min wage • Insurance • Shot! • Repubs: Taft

  37. In the end, Progressivism won • “TR killed self: party Bitten himself and gone mad” • 1921 Taft Chief Supreme Court Justice

  38. Wilson’s Background • Intellectual • Jeffersonian • Pious • Orator: Born half way between Bible and Dictionary • Loved Humanity as a whole, and not the individual • Compromise difficult

  39. Attacking the Triple Wall • Tariff • 1913 goes in front of Congress in person • Broke tradition • Underwood Tariff • Reduction of rates • Reduction of import fees • Graduated income tax • Went on national tour when Congress tried to amend

  40. Bankers • 1908 Aldrich proposes a third bank of US • Federal Reserve Act • 12 districts • Paper money, easier to increase • Carried us through WWI

  41. Trusts • 1914 went to Congress again • Federal Trade Commission act of 1914 • Crush monopolies • Look for unfair practices • Clayton Anti Trust Act 1914 • Strengthened Sherman • Protected unions

  42. Wilson at high tide • Federal Farm Act 1916 • Credit to Farmers, low interest • Warehouse Act 1916 • Loans on Security of staple crops • Lafollette's Seaman’s Act 1915 • Workingman’s compensation Act 1916 • Adamson Act 1916 • Brandies appointed to SC broke. 1st Jewish person on bench

  43. Foreign Policy • Not aggressive on FP • MISSIONARY DIPLOMACY • War on Dollar Diplomacy • Repeal Canal Tolls Act of 1912 in 1914 • Jones Act: 1916 • territorial status to Philippines in 1946 • Japanese Relations in CA • Japanese not allowed to own land. Possible war? • Navy on full alert • WW send WJB to settle

  44. Did send troops if had to Haiti: Marines sent in to protect Americans after rev. Dominican Republic: peace keepers Virgin Islands purchased

  45. Mexico • Mexico had been exploited by US • Revolution • 1913 50,000 US sent to Rio Grande to keep peace • M Installed Huerta: Full blooded Native • Many Mexicans start coming to US • Borderland cultures • Hearst Pushing for war • Wilson not like Huerta gave money to Pancho Villa

  46. Mexico (cont) 1914 Tampico American sailors arrested US takes Vera Cruz harbor Almost go to war ABC powers: Carranza 1916 Pancho not like Carranza and starts problems 16 Americans killed Pershing sent to kill him Withdrew in 17 war

  47. Thunder Across sea (It is Germany, but not the sausages) • Franz Ferdinand assassinated • The alliances aren’t so secret anymore • War is evident • Will the US get in? • Both Sides want us on their side • Brit sees connection in culture and technology (cable) • Germany saw connection in countrymen • 1915 Spy papers? Now we can’t trust Germans

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