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Phonetics

Phonetics. The study of speech sounds. What’s the problem here?. Ea ch , a ch e, ch andelier Gr ea t, b ai t, f a te, r ei gn Lau gh , f ix, ph ony. Don’t think in terms of letters. We will not use letters. We will use the IPA symbols. We will only speak in terms of sounds.

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Phonetics

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  1. Phonetics The study of speech sounds

  2. What’s the problem here? • Each, ache, chandelier • Great, bait, fate, reign • Laugh, fix, phony

  3. Don’t think in terms of letters • We will not use letters. We will use the IPA symbols. • We will only speak in terms of sounds. • Sounds will surrounded by [brackets]. When we talk about TRANSCRIPTION, we are talking about the IPA symbols in these brackets. • For example: [k] = the initial sound in coin, kick and chemical

  4. Three ways to define sounds 1. Voiced/Voiceless (+V/-V) --Vibration in your throat 2. Places of articulation--Where the sound is made in your mouth 3. Manners of articulation--How the sound is made

  5. Voiced/Voiceless • Voiced – can feel vibration in your throat • Ex: [z], [b], [v] • Voiceless – no vibration • Ex: [s], [p], [f]

  6. Places of Articulation Please refer to chart on p. 31

  7. WHERE?--Bilabials Made using both lips [b], [p], [m], [w]

  8. WHERE?--Dentals • Made by using your teeth • [T] Like words teeth, bath (-V) • [D] Like words loathe, bathe (+V)

  9. WHERE?--Labiodentals • Made using your lips and teeth • [v] and [f]

  10. WHERE?--Alveolars • Made by using your tongue and the part of your mouth just behind your teeth (the alveolar ridge) • [t], [d], [s], [z], [n]

  11. WHERE?--Palatals • The voiceless sounds are in chip, chocolate[tS] or brush and shoe [S] • The voiced sounds are in rougeor pleasure [Z] or judge and George[dZ] • The [j] sounds, pronounced like initial sounds of you or yet (be careful because it looks like the letter “j”).

  12. WHERE?--Velars • Further back in your mouth is a soft area, called the velum. • [k] sound as in kid, cough • [g] sound as in go, gather, tag • Also, the –ing [ŋ] sound in rolling, sung, tongue

  13. Manner of articulation • This not where the sound is made, but how the sound is made. • For example, [d] and [z] are made in the same spot, but how you make them is the difference.

  14. HOW?--Stops • Made by stopping your airstream very briefly • [p], [b], [d], [t], [k], [g]

  15. HOW?--Fricatives • Made by blocking the airstream and allowing only a some air to escape, causing friction • [f], [v], [s], [z], [T], [D], [S], [Z] • Three, These, shoe, azure (for last 4 phones)

  16. HOW?--Affricates • Almost like a fricative…almost. • [tS] and [dZ] • Initial sounds of cheap and jeep

  17. HOW?--Nasals • Air is briefly blocked then released through the nasal cavity • [m], [n], [N] • Be careful…NASALS are part of the HOW, or MANNER of articulation, not the WHERE, or place of articulation.

  18. HOW?--Liquids • Made by using the tongue • [l] and [r] *Both are voiced* What language backgrounds typically have difficulty in distinguishing these phones?

  19. HOW?--Glides • The tongue moves to make what is almost a vowel sound • [w], [j], [h] ([h] can also be considered as being a fricative) • [j]=yet, yellow

  20. HOW?--Glottal stop • Made when vocal cords are (briefly) closed • Transcribed [?] • In the words “uh-oh” or “uh-uh” • This is also associated with stereotypical British-English speakers – bottle, butter, etc.

  21. HOW?--The Flap • Made with the tongue hitting the alveolar ridge • As in butter, rider, metal

  22. Vowels • Unlike consonants, vowels are made by allowing air to flow. • ALL VOICED! • Can occur in the front, middle, or back of the mouth • Can also occur in the high, middle, or lower part of the mouth

  23. Say these aloud and try to feel the difference • Hit • Heat • Hat • Hot • Hut

  24. More • Pool • Pole • Pail • Pile • Peel • Pal • Pill

  25. Diphthongs • When vowels and glides ([w] and [j]) merge together, they create diphthongs. • [ej]=day • [aj]=buy • [Oj]=boy • [aw]=doubt • Our mouths move from one position to another

  26. Variation • Obviously, not everyone speaks the in the same way. • Most of that distinction comes in the form of vowel variance. • Can you think of any examples?

  27. RECAP: Three ways to define sounds Voiced/Voiceless (+V/-V) –Whether or not there is vibration in your throat Places of articulation--Where the sound is made in your mouth Manners of articulation--How the sound is made Give me some examples of each. **Page 40, #1 through #6, is GREAT practice!**

  28. Let’s try it again… • Each, ache, chandelier • Tough, dough • Dead, bead • Meat, great, threat • Sure, bees, cats • Peace, cello OF COURSE…a YOUTUBE video! Yippee! http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JF6QVxJoiKo

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