Chapter 9

1. Chapter 9 Organizing Your Speech

2. Organizing Your Speech: Introduction • A disorganized speech will confuse your audience. • Clear organization: • Imposes order on your presentation • Helps audience grasp main and supporting points • Is critical in oral communications • Bonus: A clearly structured speech enhances your credibility as a speaker.

3. Organizing Your Speech: An Overview • Effective organization involves: • Selecting your main points • Organizing your supporting materials • Arranging your main points • Using organizing words and sentences

4. Selecting Your Main Points • Structure the body of your speech around your main points, the ideas most important for your listeners to remember. • Use supporting points to substantiate main points.

5. Selecting Your Main Points:Consider Your Purpose • Make sure every main point relates to your presentation’s purpose.

6. Selecting Your Main Points:Take Your Audience into Account • Identify who your listeners are. • Determine the most interesting and useful information for them.

7. Selecting Your Main Points:Select an Appropriate Number of Main Points • Limit main points to no more than five, each of which contains only one idea. • Note: Most student speeches have three main points.

8. Selecting Your Main Points:Select an Appropriate Number of Main Points • Reduce too many main points by: • Looking for relationships between points for potential combinations. • Reviewing audience analysis to see which points you can eliminate. • Evaluating which points are most important to keep • If you only have one main point, consider turning it into your thesis.

9. Selecting Your Main Points:Select an Appropriate Number of Main Points

10. Organizing Your Supporting Materials • Explain, prove, and expand on your main points with supporting materials. • Remember these from Chapter 8?

11. Organizing Your Supporting Materials: Subordination and Coordination • Subordination: Creating a hierarchy of points and supporting materials in your speech • Subpoints develop main point; two per main point • Sub-subpoints support subpoints

12. Organizing Your Supporting Materials: Subordination Main points are the most important or highest level Supporting materials used to develop main points are subpoints Materials that support subpoints are sub-subpoints

13. Organizing Your Supporting Materials: Subordination and Coordination • Coordination: Each point at a certain outline level has the same degree of significance. • Each main point is: • Coordinated with the other main points • Coordinated with other subpoints

14. Subordination and Coordination

15. Organizing Your Supporting Materials: When a Subpoint Doesn’t Fit • Reword a main point to include the additional information. • Create another main point to include the new material.

16. Organizing Your Supporting Materials

17. Tips for Organizing Your Supporting Materials • Tip: Be sure the number of supporting points you have is appropriate for the time limit of the speech. If there are too many, narrow your topic further. • Tip: If you are having difficulty relating all your main points to your specific purpose, look at your thesis again. Maybe it is too broad, too specific, or contains more than one idea.

18. Arranging Your Main Points • Common methods for speech organization include: • Spatial • Temporal (chronological) • Causal • Comparison • Problem-cause-solution • Criteria-application • Narrative • Categorical (topical)

19. Arranging Your Main Points: Spatial Pattern • Each point can be seen geographically or physically.

20. Arranging Your Main Points: Temporal Pattern • Each point is in a chronological (time-based) sequence.

21. Arranging Your Main Points:Causal Pattern • The points reveal a cause-and-effect relationship.

22. Arranging Your Main Points:Comparison Pattern • The points discuss major similarities and differences between two items.

23. Arranging Your Main Points:Problem-Cause-Solution Pattern • The points persuade your audience to take action or support a specific policy by: • Arguing that a problem exists • Identifying the causes • Proposing a solution

24. Arranging Your Main Points: Problem-Cause-Solution Pattern

25. Arranging Your Main Points:Criteria-Application Pattern • The pattern proposes standards and then applies those standards to your topic.

26. Arranging Your Main Points:Narrative Pattern • Each point is a story event that uses characters and a plot to convey your message. • The story should support your thesis and demonstrate its validity.

27. Arranging Your Main Points:Categorical Pattern • Each point represents an important aspect of your topic.

28. Tips for Arranging Your Main Points • Tip: You should let your specific purpose determine the speech’s organization. For example, if you want to discuss the best coffee chains in your city, you may want to consider a categorical pattern, but if you want to persuade your audience that coffee drinking causes cancer, you may want to use a problem-cause-solution pattern. • Tip: If you are having trouble organizing your points, reevaluate your organizational pattern or your specific purpose.

29. Using Organizing Words and Sentences • To make it easy for your audience to listen to and understand your speech, you should insert organizing words and sentences throughout your speech. • These include: • Transitions • Signposts • Internal previews and internal summaries

30. Using Organizing Words and Sentences: Transitions • Sentences that link one point in your speech to the next

31. Using Organizing Words and Sentences: Signposts • Words or phrases in sentences that help audiences understand a speech's structure

32. Using Organizing Words and Sentences: Internal Previews and Summaries • Internal previews present a short list of the ideas that follow. • Internal summaries review what you just said about the main points.