Islam

1. Islam AP World History Unit 2

2. Map of Saudi Arabia and the Arabian Peninsula

3. The Middle East during the 7th Century CE • The Arabian Peninsula. • The source of Arabs and the Semitic race. • Mostly desert with few urbanized areas. • Urban centers, mainly Mecca. • Mainly tribal society. • First mention of “Arabs” occurs in 854 BCE. • Divided into Arabs of the North and Arabs of the South. • Dynasties in the south. • Religions. • Christianity, Judaism, and polytheism.

4. Mecca

5. The Middle East during the 7th Century CE • The Sassanid or Persian Empire. • In decline. • The Byzantine Empire. • Christianity is the state religion beginning in the 3rd century. • A foreign occupying power. • Sectional conflicts with locals.

6. Understanding the Arabic Language • Written Arabic isn’t spoken. • Spoken Arabic isn’t written. • Arabic is the language of the Koran and all Arabic speakers insist they speak Arabic. • Arabic has also been divided into 5-6 distinct languages.

7. The Muhammad and the Islamic Belief

8. The Life of Muhammad • Born about 570 AD to the leading tribe in Mecca. • Orphan and raised by an Uncle. • Muhammad was an orphan and was raised by his uncle. • He was a hard-working boy, honest and dependable who began his life as a shepherd and later went into the trading business. • He was a caravan manager for a wealthy widow, Khadija, whom he eventually married. • Muhammad was 25 and Khadija was about 40! • They had at least 6 children and a long and happy marriage.

9. The Life of Muhammad • At the age of 40, he claims to receive visions and messages from Angel Gabriel. • He is not seen as a god or a savior. • He is the messenger of God. • The angel Gabriel commanded Muhammad to “recite”! • Citizens of Mecca were hostile to the message.

10. The Life of Muhammad • Muhammad fled north to Yathrib (Medina). • Muhammad leads 10,000 back to Mecca and captures the city. • He destroys the idols in the Kaaba. • This was known as the Hijra. • The Muslim calendar is based on this event. • Most of Arabia were converted to Islam by the time of his death in 632.

11. The Kaaba

12. Muhammad’s Teachings • Each person is responsible for their own behavior. • All are should be humble, show mercy and give. • All believers are spiritually equal.

13. Muhammad’s Teachings • Allah will judge each person and based upon their actions, he will send them to heaven or hell for eternity. • Muhammad promoted education even though he could not read or write. • “The ink of a scholar is holier than the blood of a martyr” • What is Muhammad's point?

14. Allah • Muslims have 99 names for Allah or God. • Prophets are the link between people and Allah. • Abraham is the father of the Arab people. • Moses and Jesus are also revered. • Muhammad is the last and the “seal” of the prophets. • Muslims consider human nature as essentially good and sin occurs when people forget their natural goodness.

15. The Five Pillars of Islam1st Pillar - Faith • The Creed • Shahada • “There is no God but Allah, and Muhammad is his messenger.” The Five Pillars of Islam are the duties that every Muslim is required to practice.

16. The Five Pillars of Islam2nd Pillar - Prayer • Fives times per day facing Mecca. • Holy Day is Friday. • Mosque is Muslim place of worship. • Muezzin calls worshippers to prayer from the minaret (slender tower). • Iman leads worshipers to prayer. • Worshipers do not need a mosque to pray. • A direct link between the worshiper and God. • No hierarchical authority or priesthood.

17. Prayer

18. The Five Pillars of Islam3rd Pillar - Zakat • Obligatory charitable giving. • Zakat, means purification in Arabic. • A belief that all wealth is God’s and it should be distributed to the poor or state disasters. • 2.5% purifying tax required minimum.

19. The Five Pillars of Islam4th Pillar - Sawm • Fasting. • Sawm means fasting in Arabic. • People who are ill, elderly, or traveling are excused from fasting. • Occurs from sunrise to sunset during the holy month of Ramadan • Nobody is forced into Ramadan.

20. The Five Pillars of Islam5th Pillar - Hajj • Pilgrimage to Mecca. • The Hajj ends as a Muslim kisses the sacred stone in the Kaaba. • Must be completed once in a Muslims lifetime. • This Black Stone was left untouched by Muhammad when the 100 idols were destroyed in the Kaaba. • The people march around seven times and then kiss the Black Stone.

21. Hajj

22. Sources of Islamic Doctrine • Quran/Koran (holy book) • 114 suras, collections of Muhammed’s teachings with no overall theme. • Considered sacred word of God and is a complete guide for life . • Hadith (tradition) • Traditional sayings of Muhammad and other early followers. • Sharia (way) • Islamic Law based on Koran.

23. A Way of Life • The Islamic system of law is called Sharia. • Regulated moral conduct. • Family life. • Business practices. • Government. • Other aspects of a Muslim community. • Unlike the law codes that evolved in the West, the Sharia does not separate religious matters from criminal or civil law.

24. Right and Status of Women • Eliminated many pre-Islamic discriminatory practices. • Gave women rights (inheritance) and equality to men. • Both were made from a single soul. • Limited the number of wives a man can marry. • Treat women with kindness and respect their rights as equal to men.

25. The Hijab(head scarf) • Modest dress apply to women and men equally. • According to the Quran and Hadith. • Women are required to cover their bodies so that their figure is not revealed. • Women are not required to cover their faces.

26. Islamic Expansion and Changes after Muhammad

27. The Elected Successors to MuhammadThe Caliphs • Abu-Bakr, 632-634. • The first elected official. • Wise leader and crisis manager • Omar Ibn Elkhattab, 634-644. • A first-rate statesman. • Honest, modest, and just. • Conquered the Levant, including Egypt, Iraq, and Persia. • Damascus (635) and Jerusalem (638) surrender peacefully. • A modern state, including a treasury, communication, and defense. • Engraved currency.

28. The Elected Successors to MuhammadThe Caliphs • Othman bin Affan, 644-656. • Collected and compiled the Quran. • Emergence of power struggle. • Ali Bin Abitalib, 656-661. • Power struggle escalated to armed conflict. • Emergence of political parties. • End of democracy. • Umayyad Dynasty in Damascus, (661-680)

29. The Schism:The Division of Islam • Reasons for the division: • Succession to Caliphate. • Successors of Muhammad. • Incorporation of non-Koranic elements into Islam. • Worldliness of Caliphs. • Discrimination against non-Arab Muslims.

30. The Umayyad Dynasty661-750 • Empire center and capital move to Damascus • Expansion. • All of North Africa, Western Europe, large portion of Central Asia, and over to the Great Wall of China. • Conquer of Spain and Portugal in 711. • Expansion into Western Europe was blocked in France by Charles Martial in 732. • Power Struggle continues, but the Caliphs brutally eliminate all rivals. • Emergence of the Shia in Southern Iraq.

31. The Umayyad Dynasty661-750 • Addelmalek builds Al-Aqsa Mosque and the Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem in 691. • Massive translation of Greek and Indian writings. • Arabinzation of the empire. • Increase in architecture, arts, agriculture, and science.

32. The Abbasids Dynasty750-1258 • The center of the empire moves to Iraq and Iran. • Baghdad built in 762 CE. • Baghdad becomes the glamorous center of the world • Population over 2 million. • Science, art, architecture, learning, and wealth. • Lighted streets, public baths, public libraries and hospitals. • Other dynasties emerge in Egypt, Spain, and parts of the Levant. • A 2nd Umayyad dynasty emerges in Spain in the 9th century. • Qurtoba (Cordova) competes with Baghdad. • Cairo built 968 CE.

33. Muslim Conquest • The Byzantine and Persian empires were weak from years of fighting each other. • People in the Fertile Crescent welcomed Arab conquerors as liberators. • The Arabs used bold and efficient fighting methods, which overwhelmed traditional armies. • The common faith of Islam united a patchwork of tribes into a determined, unified state.

34. The Decline of the Muslim Empire • Around 850, the caliphs became unable to maintain centralized control and the empire fragmented. • In the 900s, Seljuk Turks invaded the Middle East and built a large empire in the Fertile Crescent. • In the 1200s and 1300s, Mongol invaders dominated the Middle East.

35. Sunni and Shiite • Sunni • 90% of Muslims • Follow the Quran and the Hadith as they are written and as interpreted by the Sunni scholars. • Shiite • Also known at Shia. • Came to be as a sect after 680 A.D. • Believe in the Quran and Hadith, like Sunni • However, they place Ali very high as a holy figure, and think ‘main stream’ • Islam discriminated against him • Today Shiite are mainly in Iran (90%), Iraq (55%) and Lebanon (40%)

36. Islam’s Relationship with Other Religions

37. Relationship with Other Religions • Like the Torah, the Quran permits retaliation. • “eye for eye, tooth for tooth”. • But like the Bible, it says “it is meritorious to forgo revenge in a spirit of charity. • Acknowledges Adam, Noah, Abraham, Ishmael, Isaac, Jacob, Joseph, Moses, David, Solomon, Zachariah, Jesus, John the Baptist, and many others. • Referred to as “the good prophets of God” • The Quran has a special place for Jesus and Mary. • Accepts that Mary’s conception is from God’s soul. • Rejects the divinity of Jesus • No trinity. • Jesus was not killed.

38. Relationship with Other Religions • Islam did not impose itself by the sword. • Muslims have to respect Jews and Christians • They are the "People of the Book," who worship the same God. • In one of his last public sermons Muhammad said • “God tells all human beings, "O people! We have formed you into nations and tribes so that you may know one another" . Do not conquer, convert, subjugate, revile or slaughter but to reach out toward otherswith intelligence and understanding”

39. Relationship with Other Religions • The Levant remained mainly Christian for almost 200 years. • The Levant is the Biblical Holy Land from Syria to Egypt. • No one was forced to convert to Islam. • The right of all faiths to worship was respected. • Sites of worship, holy places, and shrines of all faiths were protected.