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Chapter Fifteen

Chapter Fifteen. Sexually Transmitted Infections. Sexually Transmitted Infections. More than 25 sexually transmitted infectious organisms can be passed from person to person through sexual activities Bacterial STIs are often curable Viral STIs are not curable. The STI Epidemic.

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Chapter Fifteen

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  1. Chapter Fifteen Sexually Transmitted Infections

  2. Sexually Transmitted Infections • More than 25 sexually transmitted infectious organisms can be passed from person to person through sexual activities • Bacterial STIs are often curable • Viral STIs are not curable

  3. The STI Epidemic • STIs are the most common infections reported in the U.S. • STIs comprise 87% of the cases of infectious diseases reported to CDC • U.S. has the highest STI rates among industrialized nations • By age 24, 1 in 3 sexually active people has had an STI • Incidence • Prevalence

  4. Who Is Affected: Disparities Among Groups • Gender disparities • Age disparities • Racial and ethnic disparities

  5. Behavioral Factors Contributing to STI Transmission • Early initiation of intimate sexual activity • Numerous sex partners • High-risk sex partners • High risk sexual behavior • Inconsistent and incorrect condom use • Substance abuse • Sexual coercion • Lack of knowledge of and concern about STIs

  6. Social Factors Contributing to STI Transmission • Poverty and marginalization • Access to health care • Secrecy and moral conflict about sexuality

  7. Biological Factors Contributing to STI Transmission • Asymptomatic nature • Resistance to treatment or lack of a cure • Other: douching, immature cervix, uncircumcised penis

  8. Consequences of STIs • Women, men, and infants affected • Presence of STIs increases HIV risk • Untreated STIs have serious consequences • Infertility/ sterility • Untreated Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID) causes 15% of women’s infertility • Ectopic pregnancy, miscarriage • Blindness • Cancer, heart disease

  9. Principal Bacterial STIs • Chlamydia • Responsible for 80% of women’s tubal infertility • Infects 2.8 million Americans each year • Gonorrhea • 700,000 Americans contract gonorrhea each year • Can cause sterility in both men and women • Syphilis • Infection has stages that indicate progression of infection • Can lead to brain damage and death in newborns • Urinary tract infections • Caused by several different bacteria

  10. Sexually Transmitted Infections • Bacterial STIs are often curable • Viral STIs are not curable

  11. Principal Viral STIs • Human Papillomavirus (HPV) • 20 million carriers, 5.5 million new cases yearly • Treatment and vaccine • Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) • 45 million Americans infected • Managing symptoms • Hepatitis A, B, C • Viral disease of liver • One third of Americans show evidence of past infection

  12. Other Infections • Bacterial vaginosis • Caused by overabundance of Gardnerella bacteria • Treat with antibiotics • Candidiasis: Yeast Infections • Many factors contribute to infection • Men and women can carry the organism • Trichomoniasis • Most common curable STI in young women • Men and women can carry the organism

  13. Other STIs • Chancroid • Cytomegalovirus • Enteric infections • Granuloma inguinale • Lymphogranuloma venereum • Molluscum contagiosum

  14. Parasites • Pubic lice: Phthirus pubis; commonly known as crabs • Scabies: mite Sarcoptes scabiei • Both can be transmitted non-sexually via clothes, towels, bedding

  15. STIs and Women • Women’s anatomy increases susceptibility • Pelvic inflammatory disease - PID • Infection of fallopian tubes spreads • One of the leading causes of female infertility • Caused by some types of STI bacteria • Cystitis: bladder infection • Often related to sexual activity; not an STI • Can create pain and damage kidneys

  16. Practice abstinence Practice sexual exclusivity Reduce risk during sexual activity Select partners carefully Avoid multiple partners Avoid injecting drugs Get vaccinated Protect babies Be a good communicator Avoiding STIs

  17. Treating STIs • Recognize STI symptoms • Seek treatment • Get partners to treatment

  18. Summary • STIs are epidemic • STIs are linked to behavior • Principle STIs • STIs and women • Preventing STIs

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