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Preventing Violence and Injuries

Preventing Violence and Injuries. Objectives. Describe the difference between intentional and unintentional violence and injury and discuss examples of both Define violence Discuss personal and societal factors that contribute to violence in NZ

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Preventing Violence and Injuries

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  1. Preventing Violence and Injuries Viv Josephs Sem 2, 2011. Heal 4002.

  2. Objectives • Describe the difference between intentional and unintentional violence and injury and discuss examples of both • Define violence • Discuss personal and societal factors that contribute to violence in NZ • Discuss strategies for prevention of violence and injury in NZ Learning Outcomes: 1

  3. Injuries • Intentional injuries • Injury, death, psychological harm, maldevelopment, or deprivation that involves the intentional use of physical force or power, threatened or actual, against oneself, another person, or against a group or community • Unintentional injuries • Injury, death, or harm that involves accidents committed without intent to harm, often as a result of circumstances, or without premeditation Viv Josephs Sem 2, 2011. Heal 4002.

  4. What is violence? • “a set of behaviours that produces injuries, as well as the outcomes of these behaviours (the injuries themselves)” (Donatelle, 2011. pg 100) Viv Josephs Sem 2, 2011. Heal 4002.

  5. Domestic violence “refers to the use of force to control and maintain power over another person in the home environment. It can occur between a parent and a child, between intimate partners or between siblings or other family members. It may involve emotional abuse, verbal abuse, threats of physical harm and actual physical violence ranging from slapping to homicide” -Donatelle 2011, pg 106 Viv Josephs Sem 2, 2011. Heal 4002.

  6. Domestic Violence • Physical • Physical assault against a partner, family member or child • Sexual • Having sexual contact with someone without their permission • Psychological intimidation threats mind games • http://www.police.govt.nz/safety/home.domesticviolence.html Viv Josephs Sem 2, 2011. Heal 4002.

  7. Intimate Partner Violence • Abuse on women from spouses, lovers, ex partners • 1 in 3 women worldwide will be abused during her lifetime • Not just women: Increasing numbers of male victims of domestic abuse • Lenore Walker’s ‘cycle of violence’ • Tension building • Acute battering • Remorse / reconciliation Viv Josephs Sem 2, 2011. Heal 4002.

  8. Child Abuse • “Well done New Zealand for planning, staging and creating a wonderful Rugby World Cup. Visitors from many nations have found us to be caring, warm, engaging, generous and hospitable. That’s a reputation worth having and building on. • Why then are we not as caring as a nation when it comes to our own children and young people? When I look at the appalling statistics on child abuse and neglect, youth unemployment, crime and suicide I must agree with Dame Anne Salmond when she wrote in the Herald that “more than a change of government, what is needed is a change of heart”. • Owen Glenn, 2011 Viv Josephs Sem 2, 2011. Heal 4002.

  9. Child Abuse in NZ – a national disgrace • * New Zealand has the fifth-highest rate of child abuse in the OECD • * A child dies of child abuse every five weeks (most are under 5; the largest group is less than a year old). • * 150,757 notifications of child abuse were made to the Child, Youth and Family Services over the year ending June 2011. Viv Josephs Sem 2, 2011. Heal 4002.

  10. Child Abuse • * Every five days a child under 2 is admitted to hospital with preventable injuries. • * Over one in four adults has experienced childhood trauma or abuse, family violence or sexual assault. • * The estimated cost of child abuse in New Zealand is around $2 billion annually. Viv Josephs Sem 2, 2011. Heal 4002.

  11. Domestic Violence websites • Are You Ok - www.areyouok.org.nz - this website is full of information and support services contacts for families experiencing violence. • Family and Community Services - www.familyservices.govt.nz - has a directory of social services in your local community. • Ministry of Justice - www.justice.govt.nz - has information about Protection Orders. • The National Network of Stopping Violence Services - www.nnsvs.org.nz - has a directory of services nearest you. • Women's Refuge - www.womensrefuge.org.nz. Viv Josephs Sem 2, 2011. Heal 4002.

  12. "Marriages and other relationships are about love and respect, not violence. The law sees domestic violence as an abuse of human rights.“ • Hon. Douglas Graham, former Minister of Justice. Viv Josephs Sem 2, 2011. Heal 4002.

  13. Elder Abuse • “… a single or repeated act, or lack of appropriate action, occurring within any relationship where there is an expectation of trust, which causes harm or distress to an older person. It can be of various forms: physical, psychological/ emotional, sexual, or financial/material abuse, and/or intentional or unintentional neglect”. • - Definition from Toronto Declaration on the Global Prevention of Elder Abuse, 2002 • http://www.ageconcern.org.nz/safety/elder-abuse/what-elder-abuse Viv Josephs Sem 2, 2011. Heal 4002.

  14. Forms of Elder Abuse • Psychological abuse • Financial Abuse • Physical Abuse • Neglect • Sexual Abuse Viv Josephs Sem 2, 2011. Heal 4002.

  15. Who is involved? • 65% to 70% of abused are women.  • 40% to 46% of abused live alone. • up to 80% of abuse is committed by family members. • Up to 35 % of abusers are primary caregivers, i.e. family member / support worker/staff member. • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CtZ_87OCSa0 Viv Josephs Sem 2, 2011. Heal 4002.

  16. Support services • Age Concern NZ • www.ageconcern.org.nz • Human Rights Commission • http://www.hrc.co.nz/ Viv Josephs Sem 2, 2011. Heal 4002.

  17. Sexual Victimisation • Sexual assault • stalking • Child sexual abuse • Sexual harassment • Rape • Date rape • Marital rape Viv Josephs Sem 2, 2011. Heal 4002.

  18. Social contributors to sexual Violence • Blaming the victim – “you shouldn’t have been wearing those clothes” • Gender roles – “boy’s don’t cry” • Male socialisation - ‘sowing wild oats’ • Male misperceptions – ‘she doesn’t mean no’ • Situational factors e.g. drugs, alcohol • Trivilisation • Rape unreported • Not taken seriously Viv Josephs Sem 2, 2011. Heal 4002.

  19. Factors Contributing to Violence • Poverty • Unemployment • Parental influence • Cultural beliefs • Discrimination/oppression • Religious beliefs and differences • Political differences • Breakdown in the criminal justice system • Stress • Heavy use of alcohol and other substances Viv Josephs Sem 2, 2011. Heal 4002.

  20. Hate and Bias- Motivated Crimes • Defined as a crime committed against a person, property, or group of people that is motivated by the offender’s bias against a race, religion, disability, sexual orientation, or ethnicity (Donatelle, 2011 ) • - Viv Josephs Sem 2, 2011. Heal 4002.

  21. Gang Violence • Age range of gang members 12 – 22 yrs • Why do young people join gangs? • Sense of belonging and companionship • Excitement, Power and security • Economic income through drugs or prostitution • Mongrel Mob, Black Power and Nomad Gangs http://www.police.govt.nz/service/cib/organised_crime.html Viv Josephs Sem 2, 2011. Heal 4002.

  22. Homicide • Defined as murder or non-negligent manslaughter • Nearly half of all homicides in New Zealand are family violence. • There were 44 family violence homicides in New Zealand in 2008 (includes murder, manslaughter and attempted murder). • On average 14 women, 6 men and 10 children are killed by a member of their family every year. Viv Josephs Sem 2, 2011. Heal 4002.

  23. However • The number of murders in New Zealand dropped sharply last year - to 46 from 65 the year before, according to new police figures. • ://www.areyouok.org.nz/files/test/resources/ReportingViolence_guidelines.pdf Viv Josephs Sem 2, 2011. Heal 4002.

  24. Suicide and Deliberate Self Harm • Deaths  483 (2007)  • Rate 11 per 100,000 people (average rate 2007) • Hospitalisations  2679 (2007).  • See: Ministry of Health.  Suicide Facts: 2007 data. Viv Josephs Sem 2, 2011. Heal 4002.

  25. Impact of the Media Do you think that watching violent TV shows or playing violent video games increases incidence of violence? • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3exzMPT4nGI Viv Josephs Sem 2, 2011. Heal 4002.

  26. Strategies for preventing Intentional injuries • Know how to protect yourself • Lock doors in your home even when home • If possible, remove yourself from situations or triggers which could lead to violence • Avoid intoxication and substance abuse which compromise personal safety • Know your support networks and where to get help • Learn self defence Viv Josephs Sem 2, 2011. Heal 4002.

  27. Unintentional injuries in NZ There are six national injury prevention priority areas which collectively account for at least 80 percent of injury deaths and serious injuries in New Zealand. These are: • Motor vehicle traffic crashes • Suicide and deliberate self harm • Falls • Workplace injuries (including occupational disease) • Assault • Drowning. • According to the New Zealand Injury Prevention Strategy, Viv Josephs Sem 2, 2011. Heal 4002.

  28. Motor vehicle crashes • Deaths: 364 • Reported injuries: 14,148 • Hospitalisations: 1,300 • Total social cost of motor vehicle injury crashes in 2007:  approximately $3.83 billion  (by June 2008 prices).  • According to ACC statistics for the year to 30 June 2007, there were 400 deaths from vehicle crashes and almost 6000 injuries (45 percent of which were serious).The Ministry of Transport The Social Cost of Road Crashes and Injuries June 2008 Updated. Viv Josephs Sem 2, 2011. Heal 4002.

  29. Injury - Leading Causes • Suicide is the leading cause of injury resulting in death for people 20 to 74 years of age. • Motor vehicle traffic crashes are the second major cause of injuries resulting in death for people aged 20-84. • Falls are the leading case of injury resulting in hospitalisation throughout the lifespan, accounting for 40 percent of all injury hospitalisations. • Gulliver, P.J., Simpson, J.C. (2007). Cause of injury by age. Fact sheet 39. Dunedin: Injury Prevention Research Unit, University of Otago (PDF, 46Kb). Viv Josephs Sem 2, 2011. Heal 4002.

  30. Falls • In 2010 there were over 260,000 new claims for falls in the home at a cost of $272 million. More than the number of people who were injured on the road! • http://www.acc.co.nz/preventing-injuries/at-home/index.htm Viv Josephs Sem 2, 2011. Heal 4002.

  31. Assault • Deaths  19    • Rate 0.5  per 100,000 people (2006, National Injury Query System) • Hospitalisations   1,365  (2008, National Injury Query System) • See http://www.otago.ac.nz/ipru/Statistics/NIQS.html.   Viv Josephs Sem 2, 2011. Heal 4002.

  32. Workplace • Eighty nine deaths were recorded as work related fatalities by ACC in 2009 • Work-related injury claims amounted to 213,000 in 2009, and ACC paid $1.9 million for treatment and rehabilitation. • See Claims for work-related injuries 2009, in Hot off the Press, Statistics New Zealand (PDF 187Kb). Viv Josephs Sem 2, 2011. Heal 4002.

  33. Sport and Leisure • According to ACC stats for the year to 30 June 2007, there have been 96 sport and leisure related deaths, and 25,000 injuries. • -  ACC publication Acctive (PDF 1.3Mb), published around September 2007.  • Drowning • There were 98 deaths from drowning in New Zealand in 2009. • See http://www.watersafety.org.nz/ for more information. Viv Josephs Sem 2, 2011. Heal 4002.

  34. Strategies for Preventing Unintentional Injury • www.homesafety.co.nz - tips to prevent accidents in the home (ACC) • www.acc.co.nz • Health and Safety initiatives at work • Learn to swim programmes • http://www.spinz.org.nz/page/5-Home • Suicide prevention Information • www.transport.govt.nz/saferjourneys/towardsasafesystem/safevehicles/ Viv Josephs Sem 2, 2011. Heal 4002.

  35. References • Donatelle, R. J. (2011). Health: The basics. (Green ed.). San Francisco: Pearson Education. Viv Josephs Sem 2, 2011. Heal 4002.

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