Unit 8

1. Unit 8 Infant Mortality and Morbidity By ParichhitBasent DontaeshaSmith DeAndreTurner

2. Target Population AfricanAmericans American Indians

3. What is Mortality and Morbidity • Morality- defined as the number of babies who die per 1,000 live births at one year of age or younger • Morbidity- defined as the occurrence of illness among infants

4. Mortality Rates of African American and Native Americans Kline, M. V. & Huff, R. M. (2007). Health Promotion in Multicultural Populations. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications Inc

5. Risk Factors Contributing to Infant Mortality and Morbidity • Birth Rate • Maternal Age • Prenatal Care • Maternal Education • Live Birth Order • Marital Status • Nativity • Maternal Smoking

6. Risk Factors Contributing to Infant Mortality and Morbidity

7. Factors Influencing Prenatal Care • Access to quality health care • Intimate partner violence • Cultural beliefs • Language • Maternal age

8. Community Risk Factors of Infant Mortality and Morbidity • rural or urban geographic setting • physical environment • social or cultural norms of the community • availability of well-paying jobs • poor school systems • availability of health services

9. Approaches to preventing Infant Mortality and Morbidity African Americans American Indian Indian Health Services Women, Infants and Children’s (WIC) Children’s First Healthy Start Oklahoma Workforce Sooner Care • Urban League of Greater Oklahoma City • Women, Infants and Children’s (WIC) • Children’s First • Healthy Start • Oklahoma Workforce • Sooner Care

10. Cultural belief/practice related to childbearing African Americans American Indians Contraceptive Use DO NOT believe in contraception until after the first child. Childbearing at a early age is believed to show a feminine role in their culture. Contraceptive use • Believe in contraception but avoid birth control pills and intrauterine devices. Black women believe that these drugs and devices cause illness and irregular menstrual cycles

11. Cultural belief/practice related to childbearing African Americans American Indian Prenatal care Rural Indians tend to seek prenatal care from tribal healer and elders. While urban Indians tend to lack support of tribe and indulge in late to no prenatal care due to lack of health care access. Prenatal Care • Tend to seek prenatal care later on in gestation due to low education attainment and limited access to health care.

12. Community Model of Intervention Models that are developed using the Pender’s model identifies cognitive, perceptual factors in clients which can be modified to prevent and promote health behaviors, which would be successful in dealing with an intervention for infant mortality and morbidity.

13. Reference Alio, A., Richman, A., Clayton, H., Jeffers, D., Wathington, D., & Salihu, H. (2010). An ecological approach to understanding black- white disparities in perinatal mortality. Maternal & Child Health Journal Kline, M. V. & Huff, R. M. (2007). Health Promotion in Multicultural Populations. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications Inc. Oklahoma City County Health Department (2011). Fetal Infant Mortality Review. The Provider's Guide to Quality & Culture. (2003). American Indians and Alaska Natives and Infant Mortality. Management Sciences for Health.