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History of Spaceflight Chapter 1, Introduction to Space

History of Spaceflight Chapter 1, Introduction to Space. ( NASA Space History). Supplemental References. 1. NASA Space History (Unmanned and Manned) http://spaceflight.nasa.gov/index.html 2. First V-1 Rocket Attack on Britain http://e.com/worldwar2/timeline/v1.htm

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History of Spaceflight Chapter 1, Introduction to Space

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  1. History of SpaceflightChapter 1, Introduction to Space ( NASA Space History)

  2. Supplemental References 1. NASA Space History (Unmanned and Manned) http://spaceflight.nasa.gov/index.html 2. First V-1 Rocket Attack on Britain http://e.com/worldwar2/timeline/v1.htm 3. V2 Guided Ballistic Rocket (Images from Rocket! By Richard Maurer) http://accessweb.com/users/mconstab/v2.htm 4. Untitled V-2 Doc http://home.earthlink.net/~gawebster/a4folder/a4.html 5. Doody, Dave and Stephan, George, “Basics of Spaceflight Learner’s JPL, web document by Diane K. Fisher http://www.jpl.nasa.gov.basics

  3. Supplemental References (Concluded) Damon, Thomas D., “Introduction to Space The Science of Spaceflight”, Orbit Book Co., 1990 Meriam, J.L., and Kraige, L.G., “Engineering Mechanics DYNAMICS”, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 1997 The Solar System, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Tennessee http://csep10.phys.utk.edu/astr161/lect/index.html

  4. Awakening/Insights and Visions Ancient Rocketry 400 BC (Greek): Bird on wire using steam 100 BC (Greek): Sphere on water bottle made to rotate Middle Ages Rocketry 1232 AD (Chinese): Fire arrows 1400-1600 (English): Improved gun powder / range 1400-1600 (French): Rocket Launch through tube 1500 (Chinese): Wan Hu and his winged chair

  5. William Casagrande (Dutch 1720s) Newton’s principles Endeavors such as steam powered cars German and Russian Scientists (1800s) Masses greater than 45 kg Powerful exhaust flames Rocketry as a Science William Congreve (1800s) Modern stick rocket Highly Successful in battle Used to pound Ft McHenry William Hale (late 1800s) Improved accuracy Spin Stabilization

  6. The Giants of Modern Astronomy Nicolai Copernicus (1473 - 1543) Polish origin Disputed Earth-centered universe of Aristotle and Ptolemy “On the Revolutions of heavenly Bodies”--published while he was on his deathbed--proposed a heliocentric system Tycho Brahe (1546 - 1601) Challenged other to dual over who was better mathematician Biggest contribution was precise instruments before telescope Measured parallax to tell comet was farther away than moon Disputed Copernicus claim of heliocentric system

  7. The Giants of Modern Astronomy (Continued) Johannes Kepler (1571 - 1630) Became Brahe’s assistant in Prague Studied Brahe’s data on Mars Difficult because of significant eccentricity Ironic in that it allowed Kepler to formulate correct laws of planetary motion --elliptical Copernicus postulated circular orbits for planets Galileo Galilei (1564 - 1642) Proved Copernicus correct via his telescope Dispute of Aristotle “haunted” some in church Provided foundations for objects moving on Earth’s surface Dynamics Gravity ( objects from leaning tower of Pisa)

  8. The Giants of Modern Astronomy (Concluded) Sir Isaac Newton Changed our understanding of universe (Principia -1687) Newton 1: Object in state of uniform motion unless external force applied (essentially Galileo’s law of inertia) Newton 2: F = ma (Aristotle thought F = mv) Newton 3: For every action there is opposite and equal reaction Albert Einstein: General Theory of Relativity (1915) Newton’s three laws of motion break down when velocities approach speed of light Newton’s law of gravitation only approximate in presence of very strong gravitational fields time, space warped Bottom Line: Newton and Einstein agree most of the time

  9. Konstantin Tsiolkovsky Robert H. Goddard Dawning of Modern Rocketry(1800s-1900s) Space via rocket Liquid propellant for better rng Exhaust vel limits spd/rng Once considered mad, now honored Statue in Moscow Father of Astronautics Rocket better in vacuum Multi-stage to leave earth Success with liquid propellant Gyro for flight control Patents acknowledged by U. S. Government New York Times admits its mistake after 49 years

  10. Dawning of Modern Rocketry (Concluded) Herman Oberth (1894-1989) Writings led to V-2 Werner von Braun as a follow-on

  11. Some Additional Scientists Who Should Be Recognized Poincare: Suggested gravitational waves at the speed of light Gauss: Theory of surfaces Hilbert: Variational principle to gravitation James Clerk Maxwell: Gravitational wave similarity to EM waves Euler: 6 Degree of Freedom Equations of Motion Lagrange: Interconnected system requiring more than one coordinate D’Alembert: F - ma = 0 (dynamics problem as statics problem) Laplace: Transform methodology for solving differential equations Coriolis: Two or more axis systems with relative rotation W. T. Thomson: Early missile instability problems

  12. WW 2 and the V-1 “Rocket” Not a rocket but a small airplane with jet engine 3000 ft altitude 350 mph Nicknamed “buzz bomb” Engine would cut out at preset distance First launched against England on June 13, 1944

  13. The V-1 “Rocket” (Concluded) Appropriately called weapon of reprisal 29000 built 8564 launched against England and Antwerp Many airmen killed trying to destroy V-1 factories

  14. WW2 and the V-2 Rocket A true rocket benzol and petrol fuel, nitric acid oxidizer 56000-67200 lb thrust 3960 fps velocity, 48 mile altitude Advanced guidance three axis gyropilot steerable exhaust vanes aerodynamic rudders

  15. V-2 Rocket (Concluded) Potent Weapon No warning due to lack of sound One ton warhead 11 mile CEP

  16. Post WW 2 Era Many V-2 rockets and components captured Potential of rocketry as a military weapon realized German scientists to U.S. and USSR Sputnik 1 and Laika (shortly thereafter) into space (10/4/57) Explorer 1 launched by Army Ballistic Missile Agency (01/31/58) NASA created for peaceful exploration (October, 1958)

  17. Humans in Space

  18. Manned Space Flight Yuri Gargarin of Russia into space Orbited Earth on 4/12/61 Capability attributed to very large rockets to carry hydrogen bombs U.S. ICBM booster rockets smaller because Teller and associates developed technology for relatively lightweight warheads Project Mercury (Man in a can) First astronauts military test pilots Suborbital flight by Alan Shepard on 5/5/61 (beaten by Ham 1/31/61) 15 minute 22 second flight Altitude of 116.5 miles and speed of 5,180 mph Three orbits by John Glenn on 2/20/62 Mercury capsule carried by Army Redstone rocket and AF Atlas rocket Purposes of program were to investigate human functioning in space and to recover man and spacecraft safely Retro-rocket slowed capsule to take it out of orbit and return it to Earth Parachute descent, landing in ocean, and recovery by ships

  19. Manned Spaceflight (Gemini) Project Gemini Two man capsule propelled by modified Titan missile (1965 and 1966) Volume about the size of the front part of a compact car 19 feet long and 10 feet diameter Same basic design as Mercury capsule As with Mercury, capsule designed for one-time use and landing in sea One of the flights about two weeks in duration Gemini astronauts learned how to maneuver, change orbit, and rendezvous and dock with other spacecraft (Gemini 6 and 7 at distances of 1 foot to 295 feet for over 5 hours on 12/15/65) Project recorded first space walk (Edward White attached to Gemini 4 by 23 foot tether line on 6/5/65) Landing on land not perfected by U.S. but successfully used by the Soviets

  20. Manned Spaceflight (Apollo) Project took men to Moon and back Met President Kennedy’s challenge by achieving dozens of technological breakthroughs Carried three men in a volume the size of the inside of a minivan Allowed work in a shirtsleeve environment Provided hot water for meal preparation Saturn 5 launched spacecraft on its way to the Moon Height of 363 feet and weight of 6.5 million pounds First stage burning of liquid oxygen and kerosene to provide 15 tons per second of mass flow at liftoff Burning of liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen for second and third stages Apollo spacecraft composed of cone-shaped command module, cylindrical service module, and spider-like lunar module

  21. Manned Spaceflight (Apollo) (Continued) Command module 10 feet 7 inches high and 12 feet 10 inches in diameter Service module carried electrical equipment, oxygen tanks, and rocket engine for leaving lunar orbit and returning to Earth 23 foot tall lunar module carried two of the three astronauts to the Moon’s surface and returned them to the command module Only the command module landed back on Earth Landed in the ocean Nothing (except the astronauts) was reused For safety, lunar landings made on smooth, level terrain Lunar rover carried on last three flights to provide astronaut transportation Could carry astronauts for up to 6 miles to hills, cliffs, and craters Each wheel powered individually with silver-zinc batteries Rovers left behind with about everything else carried to surface

  22. Manned Spaceflight (Apollo) (Continued) Disaster struck early on Three astronauts killed in launch pad fire (1/27/67) During actual flight, atmosphere of command module set at about 1/3 pressure of the normal atmosphere (5 psi pure oxygen) Things burn as they would in a normal nitrogen-oxygen atmosphere During checkout, command module was pressurized to near normal sea-level with pure oxygen Caused materials to burn explosively 2.5 month investigation resulted in a design for a fireproof spacecraft Goal set by President Kennedy still met Two lunar landings made before the end of the sixties First was Apollo 11 on 7/20/69

  23. Manned Spaceflight (Apollo) (Continued) Near disaster happened with Apollo 13 on 4/13/70 Words “Houston, we have a problem” almost as famous as “one small step for man, one giant leap for mankind” On third day out, explosion in oxygen bottle blew a hole in service module and caused second oxygen bottle to leak Fuel cells could not generate electricity Command module disabled Three-man crew squeezed in to two-man lunar module (LM) Had to continue around the Moon Return trip took six days when LM designed for two Food dehydrated and required hot water; however, none available Careful consumption allowed astronauts to “limp” home Total of 31.5 pounds lost by astronauts, but not their lives

  24. Manned Spaceflight (Apollo) (Concluded) Apollo was a scientific, technological, and political success Three manned flights around the Moon (Apollo 8, 10, and 13) Six landings on the Moon (Apollo 11, 12, 14, 15, 16, and 17) Apollo exploration provided valuable scientific knowledge Understanding of Moon history through a period of severe impacts by asteroids and meteoroids to the present quiet period Understanding of lunar rock and soil composition Absolutely necessary for establishment of a colony on the Moon Work on Apollo provided crucial research and development experience Building huge, reliable rockets Developing life support systems Refining orbital mechanics Miniaturizing electronic devices Advancing computer technology

  25. Manned Spaceflight (Soyuz-Salyut and Apollo-Soyuz) Soviet Union also planned manned flights to the Moon Not successful because of booster failures First stage booster had 30 rockets burning simultaneously Need to have balanced performance was not achieved In contrast, Saturn only has five operating simultaneously Soviets did have very successful unmanned lunar exploration program 24 flights including first soft landing on Moon First flight around the Moon with pictures of the backside Two lunar roving vehicles which returned over 100,000 pictures in the space of about a year Several flights which returned lunar samples to the Earth Soviets concentrated on low Earth orbit manned flights Soyuz spacecraft was the workhorse of manned space activities

  26. Manned Spaceflight (Soyuz-Salyut and Apollo-Soyuz) (Concluded) Soyuz has three segments 1. Equipment and instruments on one end 2. Spherical shaped living quarters and laboratory on the other end 3. Dome-shaped reentry vehicle in the center 60 Soyuz flights were made beginning in 1965 Seven Salyut space stations have been launched beginning in 1971 Initially placed in low orbits which decayed in a matter of months Later models remained in orbit for years Soyuz has acted as a shuttle craft to bring crews to and from Salyut Project Apollo-Soyuz allowed the terminating Apollo program to be completed by linking with the two-man Soyuz spacecraft (July 1975) Docking in space of two craft (joint experiments and good fellowship) Return safely after two days of joint operations

  27. Manned Spaceflight (Skylab) Project Skylab Follow-on to USAF Manned Orbiting Laboratory (MOL) Program Built from the empty third stage of a Saturn 5 rocket About the size of a small three bedroom house First launch was on 5/14/73 into a 270 mile orbit Crews and supplies ferried to Skylab using Apollo vehicles Last Skylab mission was for 84 days Significant research was performed in solar physics, space physics, earth science, and human biology Effects of weightlessness Eating, sleeping, and taking a shower in space

  28. Onward to the Planets (The Solar System, Univ of Tennessee)

  29. Classification of Planets (The Solar System, Univ of Tennessee)

  30. Unmanned Spacecraft

  31. Chronology of Solar System Exploration (Unmanned) Explorer: Varied missions ((1958 - 1980) Initial launches from Kenya, Africa Atmospheric and ionispheric studies Reactions between ozone, sunlight etc. Led to discovery of Van Allen belt Mariner (1962 - 1975) Mariners 1 thru 9 Venus flyby Mars flyby Mars orbiter Mariner 10 Venus/Mercury flyby (1973-75) Gravitational pull of Venus to reach Mercury

  32. Chronology of Solar System Exploration (Unmanned) (Con’t) Pioneer (1965 - 1992) Pioneer 6 thru 9 Solar orbit Pioneer 10 and 11 Jupiter flyby Jupiter and Saturn flyby Out of the solar system Pioneer Venus Mapping of Venus surface Orbited for 14 years, then “burned up” Viking 1 and 2 (1975 - 1983) Orbiter and lander High resolution electronics to characterize structure/composition Looked for life on Mars

  33. Chronology of Solar System Exploration (Unmanned)(Concluded) Voyager 1 and 2 (1977 to “Somewhere in Time”) Jupiter and Saturn probe On to Uranus and Neptune Looking for edge of solar wind influence Magellan (1989 - 1990) Highly detailed mapping of Venus Galileo (1989 - present) Venus - Earth - Earth Gravity Assist (VEEGA) Toward Sun for Venus gravity assist Two Earth encounters two years apart Adequate velocity to reach Jupiter for mapping

  34. Unmanned Space Probes Mercury Venus Mars X X X Mariner Viking1,2 X X Magellan PioneerV1,2 X

  35. Unmanned Space Probes (Concluded) Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune Pluto Galileo X Pioneer10 X Pioneer11 X X X X X Voyager1 X Voyager2 X X X X

  36. The Space Shuttle Space Shuttle is a reusable spacecraft that takes off like a rocket, flies in orbit like a spaceship, and returns to Earth like an airplane Emphasizes reusability Shuttles crews and cargo to and from space Repairs satellites on station (NASA)

  37. The Future Take off from runways, fly into space, return as an airplane Establish permanent space stations Establish space colonies

  38. Discussion Period Questions on Page 14, Introduction to Space

  39. V-2 Rocket

  40. V-1 Rocket

  41. Winged V-2 Rocket

  42. The Copernian Model (The Solar System, Univ of Tennessee)

  43. The nature of Ellipses (The Solar System, Univ of Tennessee)

  44. Planet Eccentricities (The Solar System, Univ of Tennessee)

  45. The Laws of Kepler Kepler 1 Kepler 2 Kepler 3 (The Solar System, Univ of Tennessee)

  46. Mercury Precession Where Newton and Einstein Diverge Orbit precession in time Partially accounted for by perturbation of Newton Extra 43 seconds of arc per century from General Theory of Relativity Light changing direction in gravitational field Light from strong gravitational field having wavelength shifted to larger value (The Solar System, Univ of Tennessee)

  47. Mercury (NASA)

  48. Gemini (NASA)

  49. Apollo (NASA)

  50. Apollo-Soyuz (NASA)

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