Prior learning There are 3 kinds of rock – sedimentary, metamorphic and Igneous

1. Unit 11 – Science and Humanity Sept • Prior learning • There are 3 kinds of rock – sedimentary, metamorphic and Igneous • Igneous rocks form crystals depending on the length of time it takes them to cool down • Key words • sedimentary, metamorphic, Igneous, rock cycle, change, crust, earth, sediments, transported, plates, tectonics, Pangea Title:Task 4: Geological events that occur on earth -The rock cycle.

2. Know 3 types of rock (D) Describe how rocks can change over time.(C) Explain in detail how the plates of the earth can move (C) I have stated the 3 types of rock I have described in simple terms the stages involved in the rock cycle I have explained plate movement and provided evidence for Pangea and continental drift Unit 11 – Science and Humanity Describe long-term changes that have occurred in our universe to our solar system and earth By the end of this lesson we should be able to: Success Criteria:

3. Unit 11 – Science and Humanity Starter • Get your sheets into order and then place AO1 into plastic sleeves.

4. Unit 11 – Science and Humanity Weathering breaks down rocks. igneous rocks basalt transportation and deposition Rocks rise to the surface by uplift and erosion. volcano sea sedimentary rocks mudstone Magma rises to the surface where it cools rapidly. igneous rocks granite high pressure and temperature slow solidification metamorphic rocks slate and marble magma melt

5. 1,300 km 1,110 km 3,000 km The core extends to about half the radius of the Earth. It is made mostly from iron and nickel and is where the Earth’s magnetic field comes from. It is very dense. The core The temperature is high and the outer core is molten. Towards the centre, high pressure makes the inner core solid. Intense heat is generated in the inner core by the decay of radioactive elements like uranium. 5,500 C Inner core Outer core

6. 2,900km The mantle The mantle extends outwards from the core to the crust: a distance of about 2,900 km. It is mostly a semi-molten liquid upon which the Earth’s crust floats. The heat coming from the core generates convection currents in the viscous mantle that cause the crust above to move. Mantle

7. % 20-60 km The crust The crust is the thin layer of rock at the surface upon which we live. Eight elements make up over 98% of the Earth’s Crust – although they are virtually entirely in the form of compounds. Crust

8. Why do plates move?

9. What is continental drift theory? It is thought that all the continents were once joined together in a huge supercontinentcalled Pangaea. Over millions of years the continents drifted apart because the tectonic plates they were on moved apart due to convection currents in the Earth’s mantle. 

10. Continental drift theory animation

11. PLENARY Multiple-choice quiz

12. What’s the rock? Match the rock with the correct description. Give an example of this type of rock.

13. Intrusive igneous rocks, like granite, are formed when magma solidifies within the ground. • Extrusive igneous rocks, like basalt, are formed when magma solidifies above the ground. Types of igneous rocks Igneous rocks divide into two main groups: • Intrusive igneous • Extrusive igneous

14. Intrusive igneous rocks that cool really slowly can have very big crystals. Extrusive igneous rocks that cool really quickly can have a glassy appearance. Igneous rocks and crystal size Intrusive igneous rocks, like granite, usually have clearly visible crystals. Extrusive igneous rocks, like basalt, have crystals that are usually small. The more slowly a rock changes from liquid to solid the bigger the crystals grow.

15. Rocks are broken up by the action of weather sea Sedimentary rocks Sedimentary rocks Sedimentary rocks are rocks formed when particles of sediment build up and are “cemented together” by the effect of pressure and minerals. Fragments washed to the sea

16. Getting older Types of sedimentary rocks Sedimentary rocks tend to have visible grains of sediment. Sometimes they contain fossils. They are usually softer than igneous rocks. Examples of sedimentary rocks are sandstone and mudstone. Sandstone is formed from the cementing together of grains of sand.

17. Pressure from surface rocks metamorphic rock forming here magma heat Metamorphic rocks Metamorphic rocks are formed by the effect of heat and pressure on existing rocks. This can greatly affect the hardness, texture and layer patterns of the rocks.

18. Types of metamorphic rocks Marble, slate and schist are metamorphic. • Limestone is a rock often formed from the sediment of shells. Temperature and pressure cause the rock to reform as small crystals that are much harder. This is marble. It is used as a hard and decorative stone in buildings, sculptures etc. • Slate is formed when pressure squeezes mudstone into plate-like grey sheets. It is used in roofing. • Schist and mica are formed when mudstone is subjected to very high temperatures and pressure. Again, they contain layers, which is typical of many (but not all) metamorphic rocks.

19. Chemical and physical weathering • Surface rocks seem to be gradually reduced in size by weathering processes. • Chemical weathering occurs when chemicals, such as those in acid rain, ‘eat’ away certain rocks. • Physical weathering relates to rocks being broken down by the action of wind, rain and sun. For example, during the freezing and thawing of water in the cracks of rocks, the expansion of water makes the rocks splinter. • The small broken fragments wash into rivers and, eventually, reach the sea where they settle as sediment.

20. Multiple-choice quiz

21. Unit 11 – Science and Humanity Safety! Clean or report spillages or breakages. Wear goggles. Wash any chemicals off your skin straight away. No silly or dangerous messing about whilst equipment is out DO NOT PLACE ANYTHING IN THE BUNSEN FLAME

22. Unit 11 – Science and Humanity Today’s experiment • Weigh 28g of copper sulphate in a beaker. • Prepare a hot concentrated solution of copper sulphate by pouring 20mL of hot water into the beaker. • Stir the solution until no more can dissolve. • Pour the blue copper sulphate solution through filter paper and into a conical flask (This is separate the undissolved copper sulphate out of the solution) • Quickly and CAREFULLY pour equal volumes of the solution into 2 test tubes. • Cool ONE of the test tubes under cold running water. • Tie the end of a string to a splint and the other end to a paper clip. • Lower a paper clip into each test tube, stand in a test tube rack with your name and leave till next lesson

23. Know 3 types of rock (D) Describe how rocks can change over time.(C) Explain in detail how the plates of the earth can move (C) I have stated the 3 types of rock I have described in simple terms the stages involved in the rock cycle I have explained plate movement and provided evidence for Pangea and continental drift Unit 11 – Science and Humanity Describe long-term changes that have occurred in our universe to our solar system and earth By the end of this lesson we should be able to: Success Criteria: