Endocrine System and Diabetes

1. Endocrine Systemand Diabetes Fran Battaglia Jen Ng Joshua Paik Julie Dilollo Stephen Silva

2. Overview - Function • Network of glands that release signals for regulation in the form of hormones. •  Mood • Growth • Development • Tissue Function • Metabolism • Hormones are chemicalmessengers released in the blood that transfer instructions and information from one set of cells to another. • Target cells have receptors specific to the structure of a hormone.

3. Overview- Function Types of Signaling: • Endocrine - a series of ductless glands that secrete hormones, signaling each other in sequence. • example: thyroid, pituitary • Exocrine - less vascular glands that do not secrete into the blood. • example: sweat glands, gastrointestinal glands • Regulation of hormone secretion is either monitored by the gland that originally secreted the hormone, or by another gland. • Negative feedback loops

4. Overview - Major Glands HYPOTHALAMUS •  Located in the lower central part of the brain. • Connection between endocrine and nervous system. • Control center that either stimulates or suppresses the excretions of the pituitary. PITUITARY • Located under the hypothalamus. •  "Master Gland" = makes the hormones that control other glands. •  Anterior Lobe •  Regulates activity of the thyroid, adrenals, and reproductive glands • Posterior Lobe •  Releases antidiuretic hormone - water balance regulation •  Endorphins - reduce sensitivity to pain • Oxytocin - triggers contractions of the uterus during labor

5. Overview - Major Glands THYROID • Located in front part of lower neck. • Produces the hormones thyroxine and triiodothyronine. • control rate at which cells burn fuels from food to create energy. • Amount of hormone in bloodstream is directly proportional to the rate of metabolic processes. • Bone growth and development of the nervous system. PARATHYROID • Four small glands attached to the thyroid. • Regulation of calcium levels in blood.

6. Overview - Major Glands ADRENAL •  A pair of glands, one on top of each kidney •  Adrenal Cortex •  Produces hormones called corticosteroids • Regulate salt and water balance •  Metabolism • Immune system •  Sexual development and function • Adrenal Medulla •  Produces epinephrine (a.k.a. adrenaline) • Increases blood pressure and heart rate PINEAL GLAND • Located in the brain • Releases melatonin • Wake-sleep cycle regulation

7. Overview - Major Glands GONADS •  Male and female main source of sex hormones. • Male •  Testes in the scrotum secrete androgens, most important = testosterone • Regulate body changes associated with sexual development. •  Testosterone regulates production of sperm in testes. • Female • Ovaries, located in the pelvis •  Produce eggs •  Estrogen and progesterone production •  Support sexual development, including regulation of menstrual cycle. PANCREAS • Secretes two hormones: glucagon and insulin •  Blood sugar regulation

8. The Glands of the Endocrine System http://www.supernutrients.com.au/endocrineSystem2.gif

9. Insulin/Glucose Interaction • Both Diabetes Type 1 and Type 2 share one feature: •  Elevated blood sugar (glucose) levels due to insufficiencies of insulin • Glucose molecules are small units of energy extracted from food or adipose. After the food or fat cells have been broken down, glucose is temporarily in the bloodstream until it can enter the body cells and be used for energy. • Insulin is secreted by the beta cells of the pancreas when the BGL (Blood Glucose Level) is elevated and transported in the plasma to the liver and muscle cells. It binds to the cell membranes and makes them permeable to glucose.

10. Type 1 • Autoimmune disease that affects 0.3% on average • The body's immune system attacks and destroys the beta cells in the pancreas, which are the endocrine cells that secrete insulin • Subsequently, insufficient insulin is produced, the muscle and liver cells cannot absorb glucose, and the BGL rises above healthy limits •  Victims of Type 1 Diabetes must be administered daily injections of insulin in order to survive. • Why the immune system attacks beta pancreatic cells is not yet understood. Researchers have hypothesized about the involvement of genetic, environmental, and viral factors, but there is no strong support for any theory yet.

11. Genetics Poor diet (malnutrition) Environment Etiology of Type 1 In most cases, diabetes occurs because:     -abnormal secretion of some hormones in blood         -act as antagonists to insulin

12. Type 2 • Also known as non -insulin-dependent or adult-onset diabetes •  NIIDM • Body produces enough insulin but cannot utilize effectively because liver and muscle cells are resistant to it. Insulin Resistance develops gradually over time, and severity differs from case to case. • Usually develops during middle age •  80% of cases occur after the age of 50 •  Incidences increase with age factor

13. Type 2 • Lifestyle factors (obesity and sedentary lifestyles) •  May be important in triggering genetic elements that cause type • 80% of people diagnosed are overweight

14. Hereditary or Inherited Traits Age Malnutrition Obesity and Fat Distribution Sedentary Lifestyle Stress Drug Induced Infection Sex Hypertension Serum Lipids and Lipoproteins Etiology of Type 2

15. Etiology of Type 2 • Hereditary Traits - Through genes pass from generations, a person can inherit diabetes • Malnutrition Related Diabetes - Improper nutrition, low protein and fiber intake and high intake of refined products • Obesity and Fat Distribution - Being overweight = increased insulin resistance • Stress - Either physical injury or emotional disturbance is blamed as initial cause of the disease

16. Etiology of Type 2 • Drug Induced - Certain drugs such as Clorazil, Zyprexa, and Risperdal are known to induce the disease • Infection - Some of the strephylococci is supposed to be responsible for pancreatic infection • Sex - Commonly seen in elderly men or in women with multiple pregnancies • Serum Lipids and Lipoproteins - High cholesterol and triglyceride levels in the blood is related to high blood sugars

17. Symptoms of Diabetes • Increased thirst • Frequent urination • Increased appetite • Fatigue and irritability • Blurred vision • Frequent or slow-healing infections • Erectile dysfunction • Tingling/numbness in the hands/feet *Often people with Type 2 Diabetes have no symptoms

18. Gestational Diabetes Mellitus •  Hormonal changes during pregnancy which make glucose available to the fetus cause the mother's cells to decrease in their responsiveness to insulin (so that there is more glucose for the fetus) and insulin production is reduced. • As a result, the mother's muscle and liver cells absorb less glucose, causing fatigue, dizziness, altered mental status, and the other common symptoms of Types 1 and 2 Diabetes. • In most cases, the issue is resolved when the mother's hormones stabilize after delivery. • Occasionally, the mother's cells remain insensitive to insulin even after the insulin-blocking hormones return to normal levels, and she develops Type 2 Diabetes.

19.  Western treatment idea:if there’s a problem in the body, treat it with medication attack one area to cure it. Eastern Treatment Idea: to restore body back to normal state. If the body was normal in the first place, it wouldn't have gotten sick. treat not only one specific area, instead, they treat multiple areas that could be effected by the disease Styles of treatments

20. Western treatment • insulin injections • taken daily: two to three injections per day around meal times (for type 1) • regulated diets • exercise • oral medication • Sulfonylureas • Meglitinides • Biguanides • Thiazolidinediones • Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors • DPP-4 inhibitors

21. Eastern treatment • acupressure massage-reduce blood sugar level • qi flow= stability • perception of air and flow in the body • acupuncture • yin and yang • determination of how the body works is split into yin and yang-->the organs are all separated into yin and yang. If a yin organ is having problems, they will help it out by balancing the yin and yang by treating more yin organs • dieting • asian food remedies (ex: congee)

22. Hyperadrenocorticism(Cushing's Syndrome) Basic Information •     Cushing's is when the body has to much cortisol in the blood • Causes • glucocorticoid drugs (drugs with cortisol) • tumors • pituitary • tumors release adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) which elevates cortisol • adrenal • releases excess cortisol

23. Cushings part 2 Symptoms •     weight gain (central obesity) • trunk of face, collar bone, back of neck •  sweatiness, dialated blood vessels, thinning of skin, purple/red stretch marks, male pattern hair growth, baldness, hypercalcemia • excess cortisol also causes •  insomnia, aromatase (stops estrogen production), libido, impotence, loss of menstrual cycle, infertility, euphoria/psychosis, depression/anxiety, sore aching joints Treatments •     stop taking drugs with cortisol or remove tumors   surgically

25. Acromegaly Basic Information • when the pituitary gland creates excess growth hormone (GH) after epiphyseal plate closure after puberty • Causes • 90 percent of cases are caused by pituitary adenoma others are caused by tumors in the pancreas. lungs, or adrenal glands

26. Acromegaly Symptoms • enlargenment of soft tissue areas • thickening of skin • swelling internal organs • expansion of skull • brow protrusion • jaw protrusion • hypertrichosis, hyperpigmentation, hyperhidrosis

27. Acromegaly Treatment • surgical removal of tumor • drugs • radiation • patients must be monitored carefully to make sure there is no reccurence

29. Sources http://kidshealth.org/parent/general/body_basics/endocrine.html# http://bloodsugardiabetic.com/diabetestreatment/insulin/how-does-insulin-work/ http://diabetes.niddk.nih.gov/dm/pubs/overview/ http://diabetes.niddk.nih.gov/dm/pubs/gestational/ http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/408910_2 http://www.diabetesandrelatedhealthissues.com http://www.healthcentral.com/diabetes/h/what-are-the-causes-of-diabetes.html?ic=4001 http://www.disability-resource.com/diabetes/the_etiology_of_diabetes_mellitus.htm http://diabetesinformationhub.com/WhatCausesDiabetes.php http://www.diabetes.org/living-with-diabetes/treatment-and-care/medication/oral-medications/what-are-my-options.html Flaws, Bob. The Treatment of Diabetes Mellitus with Chinese Medicine A Textbook and Clinical Manual.