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The First Phase of the Civil War and the Manchurian Crisis

The First Phase of the Civil War and the Manchurian Crisis. Ray Feliciana. Background: The Monarchy. For centuries China had been ruled by emperors In 1908 the throne of China was inherited by Pu Yi

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The First Phase of the Civil War and the Manchurian Crisis

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  1. The First Phase of the Civil War and the Manchurian Crisis Ray Feliciana

  2. Background: The Monarchy • For centuries China had been ruled by emperors • In 1908 the throne of China was inherited by Pu Yi • In 1912 Pu Yi was forced to abdicate and a republic was formed, with Yuan Shih-kai as Prime Minister. • The KMT was outlawed, and they set up a rival government under Sun Yat-sen

  3. The Kuomintang (KMT)

  4. The Chinese Communist Party (CCP)

  5. The KMT vs. Yuan Shih-kai • In 1915, Yuan Shih-kai died, leading to a period known as the “War Lord Era” • The CCP and KMT joined together to form a united front • In 1925 Sun Yat-sen died, and General Chiang Kai-shek succeeded him as leader of the KMT

  6. Cause of the Civil War • Split in the KMT – Nationalists ordered the massacre of left-wing members, especially the CCP • CCP organized resistance

  7. The First Phase of the Civil War: • The CCP was split: • Moscow-trained leaders (based in Shanghai) called upon members of the CCP to launch urban revolutions (which failed) • The group headed by Mao went to the countryside (Hunan and Jiangxi), founded independent soviet areas and founded the Red Army

  8. Mao’s Guerilla Victories • Chiang Kai-shek launches a series of military campaigns against the Communists • Mao uses the failure of the Moscow-Directed leadership to consolidate his power • When the nationalists launches attacks on Jiangxi, however, Mao’s guerilla tactics successfully fought off four of these campaigns

  9. The Long March

  10. The Long March • Communists suffer heavy losses and are nearly eliminated • The remaining communist forces break through the enemy lines and flee to the west • The communist forces take heavy casualties • In a conference in 1935, Mao established his dominance over the CCP • In 1936, the Communists arrived in Yanan, Shaanxi, and settled there

  11. Effects of the Long March • Though a great loss to the Red Army, the Long March had positive effects for Mao: • It decisively cemented his position as leader of the CCP • Provided a base area for the communists away from the direct control of the nationalists (and later, the Japanese)

  12. The Manchurian Crisis

  13. The Manchurian Crisis • The Manchurian Crisis – Japanese invasion of China • Led to a truce between nationalists and CCP • Example: Rape of Nanking

  14. Effects: • The CCP seemed more effective at fighting off the Japanese • CCP expanded their military forces • Established political control over as many as 90 million people • Creation of Maoism • Consolidation of Mao’s power

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