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Lecture 26 Notes

Lecture 26 Notes. INTERNAL & EXTERNAL STRESSES on the STATE ** Internal Stresses: * One State, Many Nationalities EX: Soviet Union, Yugoslavia, USA, Nigeria, China, etc (Figs. 7.8.1 to 7.8.4, pg. 162-163)

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Lecture 26 Notes

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  1. Lecture 26 Notes

  2. INTERNAL & EXTERNAL STRESSES on the STATE ** Internal Stresses: * One State, Many Nationalities EX: Soviet Union, Yugoslavia, USA, Nigeria, China, etc (Figs. 7.8.1 to 7.8.4, pg. 162-163) (Figs. 7.6.3 & 7.6.4, pg. 159; Figs. 7.7.1 to 7.7.6, pg. 160-161) Stress: many of the ethnic groups may want independence, or a larger voice in the government, or some type of autonomous status (Fig. 8.3.3 & 8.3.4, pg. 175) * Economic stresses: inflation, economic/financial depression, differences between rich & poor, black market, wars, trade, unemployment EX’s: Venezuela, Russia, USA, North Korea, China, etc.

  3. * Demographic stresses: overpopulation, migration (in or out), high mortality, under population (Figs. 2.1.1 to 2.2.4, pg. 34-35) EX’s: China, India, Sweden, Denmark, others * Environmental stresses: lack of food, pollution, health issues, climate change, water issues, HIV/AIDS (Figs. 10.3.1 to 10.3.8, pg. 226-227) EX’s: North Korea, Somalia, other areas of Africa, China (Figs. 2.8.1 to 2.10.4, pg. 48-53)

  4. * Religious stresses: persecution, religious freedom (Figs. 6.8.1 to 6.10.4, pg. 138-143) EX’s: Sudan, China, Middle East area, Iran, India, others * Political stresses: revolution, ideological differences, wars (Figs. 7.6.2 to 7.9.3, pg. 158-165) EX’s: Iraq, Afghanistan, Georgia, Middle East, others * Other stresses: Cultural, urban vs rural areas

  5. ** External Stresses: * Border disputes: for various reasons but usually disputes over where the boundary line should be EX’s: India/Pakistan, Middle East, China/Vietnam * Economic stresses: oil, trade issues, goods/services changing labor issues/globalization of businesses EX’s: USA and various countries, European Union, China * Demographic stresses: migration issues (in & out), war refugees, political refugees EX’s: Afghanistan, SE Asia, Latin America/USA, others

  6. * Environmental stresses: climate change, resource issues, deforestation, water rights/sharing issues, pollution, desertification, spread of diseases EX’s: Scandinavia, USA/Canada, Middle East, Africa * Religious stresses: influence from other countries or factions EX’s: Middle East, Serbia/Bosnia, Kosovo, Sri Lanka In the past: Crusades, spread of Islam, Inquisition, etc * Political stresses: ideological differences, war, Cold War (past) EX’s: Iraq, South & North Korea, Afghanistan, others

  7. Lecture 27 Notes

  8. WORLD’S CHANGING POLITICAL PATTERNS ** the political changes in the world today are not really new. They may involve a few “new” wrinkles, but there are 2 basics which are the same: 1) States are splitting apart to form new states 2) States are joining together to form new “empires” 1) States splitting apart or: devolution: process whereby regions within a state demand & gain political strength & autonomy or independence at the expense of the central government (Fig. 7.8.1 to 7.8.4, pg. 162-163, Fig. 8.3.3, pg. 175) EX: former Soviet Union & former Yugoslavia

  9. WHY? Internal stresses on the state * Cultural examples: (Potential separation) * Scotland, Northern Ireland, & Wales in United Kingdom (quiet) * Basque & Catalonia in Spain (relatively quiet) * Crimea in Ukraine * Poles in Lithuania * Muslims & non-Muslims in Sudan (currently at war) * Christians of East Timor in Indonesia (relatively quiet) * Tamil (Hindus) in Sri Lanka (Buddhist) (relatively quiet) * Palestinians in Israel (occasional violence) * French Quebec in Canada (quiet) * Tibet in China (occasional violence)

  10. (Actual separation) * former Soviet Union (fairly peaceful, but violence in some areas) * former Yugoslavia (violence/wars, genocide) * Eritrea from Ethiopia (fairly peaceful) * Czech Republic & Slovakia from Czechoslovakia (peaceful)

  11. * Economic examples: * Catalonia in Spain (both economic & cultural) * island of Sardinia in Italy * Northern Italy (more industrialized) & Southern Italy (more agricultural) * island of Corsica in France * “Republic of the Pampas” in southern Brazil * Other examples: * Puerto Rico in United States (voted for statehood in 2012) * native Hawaiians in U.S. * various island states because of spatial remoteness

  12. 2) New “empires” forming or globalization: expansion of economic, political, & cultural activities to the point where they become global in scale & impact * Economic examples: * information management & telecommunications, Internet, WWW; started in U.S. & spread across the globe * multinational corporations; have operations in various Countries & sell their products across the globe IBM, Shell Oil, Ford, Nike, etc.

  13. * Economic/Political examples: incorporates idea of supranationalism: establishment of international associations or unions for political, economic, cultural, and/or military reasons(Figs. 8.10.1 to 8.10.4, pg. 188-189) * European Union; originally European Economic Community or Common Market, then European Community, & now the EU (Fig. 8.10.1, pg. 188) * North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) between Canada, Mexico, & U.S.A.; primarily for economic reasons * OPEC, Oil Producing & Exporting Countries * CARICOM, Caribbean Community * MERCOSUR, Andean Group & the Southern Cone Community Market

  14. * OAS, Organization of American States * African Union (AU) & African Economic Community (AEC) * APEC, Asia-Pacific Economic Council * Arab League, Muslim states in North Africa & SW Asia * NATO, North Atlantic Treaty Organization, a military alliance between Canada, U.S., & European nations (Fig. 8.10.1, pg. 188) * Warsaw Pact, former Soviet Union & Eastern European nations, now dissolved ** United Nations, not quite a “world government”, but does oversee many global political, economic, & military matters and activities * is a forum for nations to express their concerns & complaints with regard to other states & international matters

  15. *** New World Order * an idea that with the fall of the Soviet Union and its communist control of Eastern European countries, the USA is the only remaining superpower; the Cold War is over * China is becoming more and more capitalistic, as is Russia and the new states emerging over the last 20 years * but “new” threats emerge and new problems arise: * the changeover from communism to capitalism in Russia has not gone as smoothly has most would like * the transition to freedom for some of the new states has also not gone as smoothly has could be; former Yugoslavia * some areas want to be independent but are not allowed to be, by one country or another; Chechnya and others

  16. ** Terrorism: systematic use of violence directed against society by an anti-government group, a government themselves, or by individuals, in order to intimidate a population, or coerce a government. (pg. 190-193) * for various reasons but usually political, or religious/cultural * term first used during the French Revolution, but has been applied since to revolutionaries and to many other types of groups. “One man’s terrorist is another man’s freedom fighter.” * for many in the US examples of terrorists would be Al-Qaeda (Al Quaeda), the Taliban, Hamas & Hezbollah (Figs. 8.11.1 to 8.12.4, pg. 190-193)

  17. * but many other groups are often categorized as terrorist organizations: Irish Republican Army (IRA), Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (Sri Lanka), and movements in Chechnya, India, the Philippines, Columbia, and elsewhere * individuals may also carry-out terrorist acts, not necessarily in conjunction with an organized group, or with their approval EX: the bombing of the federal building in Oklahoma city by Timothy McVeigh and Terry Nichols in 1995

  18. ** Some Types of Terrorism * state-sponsored terrorism: acts or campaigns carried out by or sanctioned by the government of a country * some states that have been accused of this: Iran, North Korea, Libya, Afghanistan (under the Taliban) (pg. 192-193) * religious or “faith-based” terrorism: religious extremist carrying out acts of terrorism in the name of their religion * some groups that have been accused of this: the Christian Identity (USA), al Qaeda, Black Hebrew Israelism * bioterrorism: the use of microorganisms or toxins from living organisms to induce death, disease, and/or fear * nuclear terrorism: using or threatening to use nuclear weapons, or radioactive material, to induce death, disease, and/or fear

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