Medical Terminology

1. Medical Terminology Mrs. Marr

2. Basic Structural Levels HUMAN BODY Integumentary Heart Systems Skeletal Brain Organs Liver Respiratory Tissues Lungs Cells Muscular

3. Basic Structural Levels Cells- simplest structural level cells have structural differences that are closely related to the physiology of each cell type

4. Basic Structural Levels Tissues- groups of similar cells joined together to carry out specific functions Epithelial- outer protective layer of body, lines various body cavities, ducts, vessels, and, covers the body surface. Muscular- capable of contraction, allows movement, i.e.. Flow of blood, movement of food through the alimentary canal. Nervous- transmits messages throughout the body Connective- varies considerably in form and function. Supports the skeleton, provides attachment of other tissues. I.e. Blood, lymph, adipose, cartilage, loose, dense and irregular connective tissues.

5. Basic Structural Levels Organs- two or more tissues combined to perform complex tasks. Each organ is a specialized physiologic center for the body. I.e.. The stomach- walls are muscular, lined with epithelial cells, held with connective tissue, and enervated by nervous tissue. Systems- certain organs working together, each organ performing a specific part of the human body system. Organs that function cooperatively to accomplish a common goal/function

6. Basic Structural Levels Skeletal- bones Muscular- muscles Systems Nervous- brain, spinal cord, nerves, sense organs Endocrine- hormone secreting glands Respiratory- nose, trachea, lungs Circulatory- heart, blood and lymph, blood and lymphatic vessels Digestive- mouth, esophagus, stomach, liver, gall bladder, pancreas, salivary glands, small and large intestines Urinary- kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra Reproductive- ovaries, uterus, prostate, testes, etc.

7. Anatomical Terms Derive from Greek and Latin Consists of roots, prefixes, and suffixes Example ilio- refers to hip, costal refers to ribs. The iliocostal muscle extends from the hip to the ribs. • “epi” on or above • “gastric” – refers to stomach • “hypo” beneath or under • “chondral”- refers to cartilage

8. Body Positions • Body Positions- The standard reference body position is called the “anatomical” position. The body is erect with feet together, limbs at the side, palms facing forward, thumbs pointing away from the body.

9. Postures and Direction of Movement • Prone- body horizontal, face down • Supine- body horizontal, face up

10. Postures and Direction of Movement • Right Lateral Recumbent • The Right lateral recumbent, or RLR, means that the patient is lying on their right side. • Left Lateral Recumbent • The left lateral recumbent, or LLR, means that the patient is lying on their left side.

11. Postures and Direction of Movement • Fowler's Position • A person in the Fowler's position is sitting straight up or leaning slightly back. Their legs may either be straight or bent. • Trendelenberg Position • A person in the Trendelenberg position is lying supine with their head slightly lower than their feet.

12. Postures and Direction of Movement • Abduction • Abduction is movement away from the midline, or to abduct. • Adduction • Adduction is movement toward the midline, or to add.

13. Postures and Direction of Movement • Flexion • Flexion is to bend at a joint, or to reduce the angle. • Extension • Extension is to straighten at a joint, or to increase the angle, for example, from 90 degrees to 180 degrees.

14. Postures and Direction of Movement • Flexion • Flexion is to bend at a joint, or to reduce the angle. • Extension • Extension is to straighten at a joint, or to increase the angle, for example, from 90 degrees to 180 degrees.

15. Postures and Direction of Movement • Supination • Supination is to rotate the forearm so that the palm faces forward. • Pronation • Pronation is to rotate the forearm so that the palm faces backward.

16. PLANES In anatomy, a body plane is an imaginary flat surface that is used to define a particular area of anatomy. We usually use the umbilicus as a point of reference

17. PLANES • FRONTAL (or coronal) separates the body into Anterior and Posterior parts • MEDIAN (or midsagittal) separates body into Right and Left parts • HORIZONTAL (transverse or Cross-Section) separates the body into Superior and Inferior parts • SAGITTAL any plane parallel to the median plane • Parasagittal plane- Longitudinal section that divides the body in unequal left and right sections

18. Terms of Relation or Position Directional Terms- paired terms, each indication opposite directions. There are different terms when relating to humans and other animals Superior(closer to the head) Inferior (closer to the feet) reference point -- horizontal plane Medial(lying closer to the midline) Lateral(lying further away from the midline) reference point -- sagittal plane

19. Terms of Relation or Position • Posterior (dorsal) closer to the posterior surface of the body • Anterior (ventral) closer to the anterior surface of the body • reference point -- frontal or coronal plane • Proximal-closer to the origin of a structure • Distal-further away from the origin of a structure • reference point -- the origin of a structure

20. Terms of Relation or Position Superficialor Deep reference point -- surface of body or organ  Median- midline reference point -- along the midsagittal or median plane Intermediate -between two other structures

21. Terms of Relation or Position External or Internal refers to a hollow structure (external being outside and internal being inside)  Supine - face or palm up when lying on back Prone- face or palm down when lying on anterior surface of body

22. Terms of Relation or Position Cephalad- toward the head (higher in position) Caudad- toward the tail (feet- lower in position) 

23. Regional Terms Regional Terms-refer to special areas of the body Cervical- refer to the neck Palmar- the anterior surface of the hand; the posterior surface of the hand is the dorsal surface

24. Regional Terms Thoracic- the portion of the body between the neck and the abdomen that is commonly referred to as the chest or thorax Dorsum- the top of the foot Plantar- the sole of the foot

25. Regional Terms • Axilla (armpit)- the depression on the inferior surface of the attachment of the upper limb and the body trunk • Arm- the portion of the upper limb between the shoulder and the elbow • Forearm- the potion of the upper limb between the elbow and the wrist

26. Regional Terms • Groin(inguinal region)- the junction of the thigh with the abdominal wall • Thigh- the portion of the lower limb between the hip and knee • Leg- the portion of the lower limb between the knee and ankle

27. Low Back • Lumbar- the portion of the back between the thorax and the pelvis • Sacral- the lower portion of the back, just superior to the buttocks

28. MUSCLE CONTRACTION

29. Terms of Movement • Extension decreasing angle with frontal plane  • Flexion increasing angle with frontal plane

30. Terms of Movement • Abduction moving away from the sagittal plane • Adduction toward the sagittal plane

31. Terms of Movement • Protraction moving forward along a surface  • Retraction backward along a surface

32. Terms of Movement • Elevation raising a structure  • Depression lowering a structure 

33. Terms of Movement • Medial Rotation movement around an axis of a bone • Lateral Rotation movement around an axis of a bone 

34. Terms of Movement • Pronation placing palm backward (in anatomical position)  • Supination placing palm forward (in anatomical position)

35. Terms of Movement • Circumduction-combined movements of flexion, extension, abduction, adduction medial and lateral rotation (circumscribe a cone)  • Opposition- bringing tips of fingers and thumb together as in picking something up

36. Abdomen Before getting into the nitty gritty of the abdomen, keep in mind that you want to be able to use your knowledge to project the anatomy onto the surface of the abdomen. You will want to be able to visualize the relative positions of abdominal organs as they lie within the abdomen. Clinicians might use several different ways of subdividing the surface of the anterior abdominal wall but I will only present two of them here. By subdividing the surface into regions, one person can tell another person exactly where to look for possible problems.

37. Abdominopelvicarea is divided intofour quadrants : • Right Upper • Right Lower • Left Upper • Left Lower

38. upper left quadrant ULQ • lower left quadrant LLQ • upper right quadrant URQ • lower right quadrant LRQ • These quadrants are developed by dropping a vertical line down the middle of the sternum MSP • and a horizontal line across and through the umbilicus TUP

39. The abdominal cavity can also be divided into nine regions to make it easier to identify organs • Right hypochondriac • Epigastric • Left hypochondriac • Right lumbar • Umbilical • Left lumbar • Right iliac (inguinal) • Hypogastric • Left iliac (inguinal)

40. 9 abdominal regions: • right hypochondriac RH • epigastric E • left hypochondriac LH • right lumbar RL • umbilical U • left lumbar LL • right iliac RI • hypogastric H • left iliac LI • These regions are formed by two vertical planes and two horizontal planes. • The two vertical planes are the lateral lines LLL and RLL. These lines are dropped from a point half way between the jugular notch and the acromion process. • The two horizontal planes are the transpyloric plane TPP and the transtubercular plane TTP. The tubercles are the tubercles of the iliac crests.

41. Body Cavities Body cavities- lined with membranes and contains fluid that surrounds structures within the cavities. Dorsal (posterior) Cavity- contains the cranialcavity (brain) and spinal cavity (spinal cord) Ventral (anterior) Cavity-thoracic cavity – consists of the pericardial (heart) and pleural(left & right lungs) cavities Abdominopelvic cavity- consists of the abdominal (stomach, spleen, liver, gall bladder, pancreas, small & large intestines) and pelvic cavity, “true pelvis", bladder, rectum, female internal reproductive organs).

42. QUESTIONS / COMMENTS?