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Biology

Biology. 9.2 – General Rules and Binomial Nomenclature. Warm Up 01.24.07. Who is credited with the modern system of classification? Who created the first reported system of classification?. General Rules #1.

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Biology

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  1. Biology 9.2 – General Rules and Binomial Nomenclature

  2. Warm Up 01.24.07 • Who is credited with the modern system of classification? • Who created the first reported system of classification?

  3. General Rules #1 • Each group on one level of the hierarchy may be divided into several groups on the lower level. • The Kingdom Animalia is divided into ~20 phyla and each phylum is divided into classes and each class into several orders and each order into several families and each family into several genera, etc, etc, etc

  4. General Rules #2 • Each group in the hierarchy has various characteristics that all levels under the group possess. • The Phylum Arthropoda contains organisms that have an exoskeleton and jointed legs. • There are exceptions sometimes – you will see the words “most” and “almost”

  5. General Rules #3 • Each level of the hierarchy can be divided into smaller units before reaching the next lower level. • Prefixes: • “sub” (below) • “infra” (below) • “supra” (above

  6. The Kingdoms • Linnaeus had 2 kingdoms (plants and animals) • In the 1860’s, Ernst Haeckel added the kingdom Protista (including bacteria, protists and sponges) • 1956 – Herbert Copeland made the bacteria their own kingdom Monera • 1969 – Robert Whittaker created a separate kingdom for fungi - Fungi

  7. Five or Six Kingdom System • Kingdom Eubacteria: • Most abundant organisms, unicellular prokaryotes, contain peptidoglycan in its cell wall • Kingdom Archaebacteria • Prokayotes, no peptidoglycans in their cell wall, also called extremophiles

  8. Five or Six Kingdom System • Kingdom Protista • Algae and protozoans, autotrophic and heterotrophic, mobile and stationary, unicellular and colonial, eukaryotic • Kingdom Fungi • Heterotrophic, feed on decaying matter, unicellular or colonial • Includes mushrooms, molds, mildews, yeasts and rusts

  9. Five or Six Kingdom System • Kingdom Plantae • Huge range in size, most are autotrophic (photosynthetic mostly), some are heterotrophic (mistletoe), usually sessile (stationary), has true tissues • Kingdom Animalia • Hetertrophic, eukaryotic, multicellular organisms, most have ability to move during at least part of their life cycle.

  10. Scientific Names • Common names make it difficult to identify an organism – the way around this is to use its scientific name • For each organism, there is only one scientific name • Also, some common names refer to more than one animal • “Gopher” can be a frog, snake, turtle, salamander, or 50 different rodents!

  11. Binomial Nomenclature • Carolus Linnaeus developed a two name system called Binomial Nomenclature • People use this system to name themselves! Katie Korn (2 names) • Linnaeus decided to use Latin because it was an accepted universal language of learning and was unchanging.

  12. Genus-Species Names • Scientific name includes its genus and species name • Ex. Homo sapiens • When handwritten, you underline a genus-species name and capitalize only the genus name • When typing, italicize it.

  13. Genus • A group of similar organisms • For some organisms, the genus name and the common name can be the same • Ex. Paramecium • The species name tells us which specific organism of a particular genus is being described

  14. Varieties • A species can have a large group of similar but different members • Canis familiaris is the dog – there are many varieties of domestic dog • Purebreds (collie, Irish setter, English bulldog) and crosses (peekapoo – a poodle and a pekingese, and a labradoodle – a poodle and a labrador)

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