The American Revolution

1. The American Revolution Chapter 6

2. Objectives: You will be expected to • identify themajor eras in U.S. history through 1877 and describe their defining characteristics • explain the significance of the following dates: 1776 • analyze the leadership qualities of elected and appointed leaders of the United States such as George Washington

3. Objectives: • analyze causes of the American Revolution, including mercantilism and British economic policies following the French and Indian War • explain the roles played by significant individuals during the American Revolution, including Samuel Adams, Benjamin Franklin, King George III, Thomas Jefferson, the Marquis de Lafayette, Thomas Paine, and George Washington

4. Objectives: • explain the issues surrounding important events of the American Revolution, including • declaring independence, • writing the Articles of Confederation, • fighting the battles of • Lexington, • Concord, • Saratoga, and • Yorktown,and • signing the Treaty of Paris, 1783

5. Objectives: • identify theinfluence of ideas from historic documents including the Magna Carta, the English Bill of Rights, the Declaration of Independence, on the U.S. system of government • identify colonial grievanceslisted in the Declaration of Independence and explain how those grievances were addressed in the U.S. Constitution and the Bill of Rights

6. Objectives: • define and giveexamples of unalienable rights • analyze the contributions of people of various racial, ethnic, and religious groups to our national identity • identify the political, social, and economic contributions of women to American society

7. Our Story Begins… • In the English colonies, located on the Atlantic coastof North America, where colonists have become increasing dissatisfied with conditions imposed on them by the British government and frustrated by the king and Parliament’s responses to their petitions. English Colonies Atlantic Ocean

8. Causes of the Revolution • British mercantilist policies after the French and Indian War • Mercantilism: Colonies exist to benefit the parent country by provided raw materials and markets for manufactured goods • Taxes torepay the large debtfrom the war • Reinforcement of the Navigation Acts to stop colonial manufacturing and illegal trade with other nations (smuggling)

9. More British Mercantilist Policies To tax or not to tax… ? TAX! • Proclamation of 1763 • Quartering Act • Colonial Belief that theirrights asEnglishmenwere being violated • Ignoring the tradition of colonial self-government • Trial by jury suspended in some areas • Taxation without Representation(in Parliament) • Sugar Act • Stamp Act • Townshend Acts • Tea Act

10. Mercantilism is where a colony exists to make money for the mother country • True • False

11. The colonists had no representative in the British Parliament. This is called • Taxation • Opportunity • Taxation without representation • Taxation with representation

12. Causes of the Revolution • Coercive Acts/Intolerable Acts • Put Boston under martial law • Suspended trial by jury • Appointed General Sir Thomas Gage royal governor of Massachusetts • Banned town meetings (local government in New England) • King George III’s eventual refusal to respond to colonial petitions

13. First Continental Congress • September 1774 – Delegates from all the colonies except Georgia arrived in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania • They wanted to unite the colonies against Britain.

14. Disunity in the Colonies • Patriots – supported war vs. Britain • Loyalists – didn’t think there was a good enough reason to fight Britain; remained loyal to Britain • Patriots were in the minority when the war broke out.

15. Loyalists and Neutrals • Loyalists opposed the war • Most lived in the Carolinas and Georgia • Wanted to protect government jobs or official positions or didn’t think colonies could win • Neutrals – didn’t take either side • Quakers – pacifists • Western farmers who were far from the conflict

16. Money Problems • To pay for the war, Congress and the states printed hundreds of millions of dollars of paper money. • The paper quickly lost its value and in turn led to inflation. • Congress stopped issuing paper money because no one would use it. – “Not worth a Continental”

17. British Army Colonists • strongest navy in world • experienced, well-trained army • larger population • support of Loyalists in colonies • fighting on own ground • great determination to protect area & for the cause • more at stake in the fight fought harder • GEORGE WASHINGTON- courage, honesty, determination • British officers underestimated Patriots and made major errors • had to “invade” colonies and supply troops from across the sea in England • relied on mercenaries • lacked regular army, navy • soldiers lacked experience, weapons, ammunition • volunteers enlisted for a short time (1 year or less) then went home – GW constantly had to train new, inexperienced troops • neutral (Quakers) & Loyalists groups wouldn’t assist them Advantages and Disadvantages Advantages Disadvantages

18. Timeline of Major Events • First Continental Congress meets • Lexington and Concord – April 19, 1775 • Ticonderoga • Bunker Hill – May 1775 • Second Continental Congress Meets • “Common Sense” published - 1776 • Independence Declared – July 4, 1776 • Trenton - 1776

19. Timeline of Major Events • Saratoga – 1777 – TURNING POINT • “The Crisis” published - 1777 • Valley Forge – winter of 1777-1778 • French Alliance – 1778 • War in the South – 1778-1781 • Charleston - 1780 • Yorktown – 1781 • Treaty of Paris - 1783

20. The Midnight Ride of … William Dawes? • April 18, 1775 • Paul Revere, William Dawes, Samuel Prescott ride to alert minutemen at Lexington and Concord that the British were marching toward them. • Paul Revere – better publicity? Minutemen to Arms! The Redcoats are coming!

21. Lexington and Concord (Mass.) • April 19, 1775 • First battles of the war! • King George III: The colonies are in a state of rebellion. • General Gage sent a detachment led by Major Pitcairn to arrest leaders of the Sons of Liberty (Sam Adams and John Hancock) in Lexington and to seize the militia’s supplies stored at Concord • Fighting breaks out on Lexington Green and at the Old North Bridge in Concord. British vs. militiamen, Lexington, April 19, 1175.. IRC. 2005. unitedstreaming. 7 November 2006http://www.unitedstreaming.com/

22. Battles at Lexington and Concord • Militia Leader: Captain John Parker • British defeat minutemen at Lexington but are chased back to Boston from Concord, fired upon along the way by minutemen using guerilla tactics • Hancock and Adams escaped, and some of the militia’s supplies were hidden before the British arrived. • “The Shot Heard ‘round the world” – would lead to colonial independence and inspire revolutions around the world Reenactment of the charge of the American militia.. IRC. 2005. unitedstreaming. 7 November 2006 http://www.unitedstreaming.com/

23. The Shot Heard ‘Round the World • From a poem by Ralph Waldo Emerson called, “Concord Hymn”: By the rude bridge that arched the flood, Their flag to April's breeze unfurled; Here once the embattled farmers stood; And fired the shot heard round the world… "Minuteman Statue." Minuteman National Park - History and Culture. National Park Service. 9 Nov 2006 <http://www.nps.gov/mima/historyculture/index.htm

24. Fort Ticonderoga – May 1775 • Patriots led by Benedict Arnold and Ethan Allen and the Green Mountain Boys capture the fort. • Cannons are taken from the fort to Boston and used in the Battle of Bunker Hill. Benedict Arnold Benedict Arnold (1741-1801).. IRC. 2005. unitedstreaming. 7 November 2006http://www.unitedstreaming.com/

25. Second Continental Congress – May 1775 • Created to govern the colonies. • Actions • Olive Branch Petition • Not accepted by King George III • Instead, he sent German mercenaries (Hessians) to fight the colonists • Most important: created Continental Army under the command of George Washington Privates in the Hessian Grenadier forces.. IRC. 2005.unitedstreaming. 13 November 2006<http://www.unitedstreaming.com/>

26. The Continental Army • Disorganized and undisciplined • Lacked training, supplies, money • Militia members were used to electing officers and serving for only short periods

27. The Continental Army • Congress had difficulty enlisting soldiers and raising an army to fight the War because colonists were unwilling to transfer power to Continental Congress – really like 13 different wars run by separate colonies. Congress established the Continental Army but depended on states to recruit (enlist) soldiers. • Washington would have trouble throughout the course of the war

28. Battle of Bunker Hill – June 1775 • Patriot Commander: William Prescott: “Don’t fire until you see the whites of their eyes!” • Patriots surrendered when they ran out of ammunition, but the victory was costly for the British. • The British learned that the war would be longer and more difficult than they expected. Patriots British Redcoats A 1775 map of Boston.. IRC. 2005. unitedstreaming. 7 November 2006http://www.unitedstreaming.com/

29. “Common Sense” – January 1776 • Thomas Paine’s pamphlet • Called for complete independence from Britain • Convinced many to support the Patriot cause Title Page from Thomas Paine's Common Sense. Corbis. 2006.unitedstreaming. 10 November 2006<http://www.unitedstreaming.com/>

30. From “Common Sense”

31. Independence • Declared July 4, 1776 • Second Continental Congress • Richard Henry Lee of Virginia proposed resolution for independence • Thomas Jefferson wrote much of the Declaration of Independence • First Signer: John Hancock, president of the Second Continental Congress

32. The Declaration of Independence • The preamble states that people forming a new government should explain their reasons • Statement of the natural rights people have and the reasons for creating or dissolving governments: • List of grievances against Parliament and how their petitions had been ignored • Announcement of American independence and a pledge of, “our lives, our fortunes, and our sacred honor” to support it.

33. Unalienable Rights We hold these truths to be self- evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.

34. Disaster in New York – Winter 1776-1777 • Washington and the Continental Army suffered a series of brutal defeats against General Sir William Howe in New York. The Continental Army was repeatedly outnumbered and outmaneuvered. • They were forced to retreat first to New Jersey then across the Delaware River to Pennsylvania. • Soldiers deserted in great numbers; others went home because enlistments were up. • The Continental Army seemed near collapse.

35. Nathan Hale • Nathan Hale volunteered to spy on British troops; the 21-year-old masqueraded as a teacher. • He was discovered and hanged without a trial in 1776; his last words reported were, “I only regret that I have but one life to lose for my country.”

36. African Americans Join the Fight • Washington needed more troops, so he asked Congress to enlist free African Americans which alarmed Southerners who feared the enslaved Africans would revolt • By the end of the war, every state except South Carolina enlisted African Americans like Lemuel Hayes and Peter Salem. • Rhode Island had an all African American regiment in 1778. • Despite this assistance, the Continental Army was at a low point during the winter of 1776-1777.

37. Thomas Paine to the rescue… again! • New pamphlet, “The Crisis” • Renewed vigor and support for the Patriot cause • Washington read it to his troops on Christmas Day 1776 These are the times that try men's souls. The summer soldier and the sunshine patriot will, in this crisis, shrink from the service of their country; but he that stands it now, deserves the love and thanks of man and woman. Tyranny, like hell, is not easily conquered; yet we have this consolation with us, that the harder the conflict, the more glorious the triumph. "Thomas Paine." Wikipedia. Wikimedia, Inc.. 10 Nov 2006 <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_paine>.

38. Victory at Trenton – December 1776 • Gen. Howe left his troops in winter quarters in Trenton and Princeton, New Jersey while he left to spend the winter in New York • Washington and men crossed the icy Delaware River on Christmas night, 1776 • He surprised the Hessians in Trenton and captured 900.

39. Victory at Princeton - January 1777 • Patriots defeated British troops at Princeton soon after. • These victories raised morale and convinced many to enlist in the Continental Army Princeton

40. New British Strategy – Hudson River • Realizing they needed a new strategy, Britain decided on a three-pronged attack on the Hudson River Valley in New York, to isolate New England from the rest of the colonies. • They expected to defeat New England and then move south to conquer the remaining colonies.

41. 3-Prong Attack on Hudson River Valley • General John “Gentleman Johnny” Burgoyne would lead 8,000 troops from Canada. • Lt. Col Barry St. Legerwould move east from Lake Ontario. • General Howe would move north from New York City Hudson River The three forces would meet at Albany, NY and destroy Patriot forces.

42. Howe’s Blunder My Bad! • Howe bombarded Philadelphia, eventually capturing and occupying the city, but not before the members of the 2nd Continental Congress escaped. • Determined to capture the delegates and send them to England for trial for treason, Howe delayed moving north to meet Burgoyne’s army and remained in Philadelphia. Howe Sir William Howe (1729-1814).. IRC. 2005.unitedstreaming. 13 November 2006<http://www.unitedstreaming.com/>

43. Burgoyne progressed slowly Meanwhile, problems delayed British plans to take Albany • British General Burgoyne’s army traveled more slowly than planned because of his desire to travel in luxury, harassment by Patriot groups, traveling with many Loyalist civilians seeking British help • After a defeat by the Green Mountain Boys in Bennington, he retreated to Saratoga, NY,short of supplies and men. Burgoyne General John Burgoyne (1722-1792).. IRC. 2005.unitedstreaming. 13 November 2006<http://www.unitedstreaming.com/>

44. Oops! My Bad! Howe The Battle of Saratoga – Oct 1777 • Burgoyne’s problems • Expected British forces did not arrive due to Howe’s delay in Philadelphia. • Horatio Gates (Patriot) blocked the path south. Burgoyne was surrounded by an army 3x his own in size Hudson River Gates Gates Horatio Gates (1727-1808).. IRC. 2005. unitedstreaming. 7 November 2006<http://www.unitedstreaming.com/>

45. The Battle of Saratoga – Oct 1777 • October 17, 1777 – Burgoyne surrendered at Saratoga & 5700 British soldiers handed over their weapons to Americans. • The British battle plan had failed • This battle would prove to be the turning point in the war. Surrender of Burgoyne at Saratoga, New York.. IRC. 2005.unitedstreaming. 7 November 2006<http://www.unitedstreaming.com/>

46. Saratoga – Turning Point of the War • Franklin had been traveling Europe, trying unsuccessfully to persuade France and other nations to ally with the Americans. Although they wanted to see Britain defeated, they were reluctant to openly ally with the colonists, in case the British won the war. • The British loss at Saratoga convinced France and other European nations that the Continental Army had a chance to defeat the British. They ally with the Patriots.

47. The Turning Point – New Allies • Francedeclared war on Britain and gave the Americans money, equipment, and troops – February, 1778 • Spain and the Netherlands also assisted the colonies. • The Netherlands sent gunpowder. • Spanish Governor Bernardo de Galvéz tied up the British army along the Gulf Coast, preventing those troops from engaging the colonists and making resupply via the Gulf of Mexico difficult. Vive la France!

48. Cause and Effect: France Allies with Colonies

49. Valley Forge, 1777-1778 • Washington’s troops spent a harsh winter in quarters at Valley Forge, Pennsylvania. • The army lacked food, clothing, and shelter. • Some men deserted; others resigned as enlistments expired. • Almost ¼ of the Continental Army died of exposure and disease. Reconstructed soldiers' cabins, Valley Forge, PA.. IRC. 2005.unitedstreaming. 7 November 2006<http://www.unitedstreaming.com/>

50. Valley Forge • In early 1778, news of France’s alliance cheered the troops. • European volunteers arrived to train the Continental Army to fight using European military tactics. • Marquis de Lafayette • Friedrich von Steuben • Casimir Pulaski • Thaddeus Kosciusku Lafayette Marie Joseph Paul, Marquis de Lafayette.. IRC. 2005.unitedstreaming. 7 November 2006http://www.unitedstreaming.com/