2.04 Understand the functions and disorders of the lymphatic system

1. 2.04 Understand the functions and disorders of the lymphatic system

2. The Lymphatic System Immunity • What is immunity? • Immunity is your body's defense system against infectious diseases. • Being immune to a disease means that your body is able to kill the germs without experiencing any symptoms.

3. Natural immunity Natural immunity is also known as innate immunity. It is a pre-existing and natural defense mechanism inherited from your parents.

4. Acquired immunity: Acquired immunity: Immunity acquired by infection or vaccination (active immunity) or by the transfer of antibody or lymphocytes from an immune donor (passive immunity). Acquired immunity is the opposite of natural immunity.

5. Acquired immunity: • Active acquired immunity refers to any immunization with an antigen. By giving a safe form of the antigen artificially, the body will produce its own antibodies. If at a later date the body is again exposed to that same antigen, memory cells will cause immediate and rapid production of the appropriate antibodies for protection.

6. Anaphylacticshock • What is it? • Anaphylaxis is a severe, potentially life-threatening allergic reaction. It can occur within seconds or minutes of exposure to something you're allergic to, such as the venom from a bee sting or a peanut.

7. How will we treat it? Anaphylaxis requires an immediate trip to the emergency department and an injection of epinephrine. If anaphylaxis isn't treated right away, it can lead to unconsciousness or even death.

8. What are the signs and symptoms? a rapid and weak pulse a skin rash nausea and vomiting Common triggers of anaphylaxis include certain foods, some medications, insect venom and latex.

9. What do these terms mean? • HIV-Human Immunodeficiency Virus • ARC – Aids Related Complex • AIDS- Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome

10. Three responses to HIV infection • AIDS- most severe response • ARC- aids related complex • Asymptomatic infection • Remember: • Anyone can get AIDS!!!

11. AcquiredImmunodeficiencyDiseaseSyndrome (AIDS) How is it transmitted? What is the incubation period? What are the symptoms?

12. AIDS-HIV • Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome is caused by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus. • It does not discriminate against any group. • It is found in all segments of our population. • Pts. with AIDS have difficulty fighting off infection and other disease.

13. Symptoms of AIDS • Prolonged fatigue • Persistent fever or night sweats • Persistent cough • Thick white coating on tongue • Easy bruising or bleeding • Purple lesions on skin • Chronic diarrhea • SOB • Lymphadenopathy • Weight loss of 10lbs. or more in 2 months

14. Incubation period • 1 month to 12 years!! • That means you could contract HIV infection now and not find out you have it until you are almost 30 years old.

15. WHO IS AT RISK? • Anyone who participates in risky behavior. • Transmission by: • Sex with HIV pos. partner • Sharing needles with infected user • Passed at birth from an infected mother- just like herpes.

16. CANNOT BE SPREAD THROUGH • Casual contact • Air, food,water • Sharing of eating utensils, coughing or shaking hands. • Prevention: • Avoid risky behavior • Always use standard precautions.

17. AidsRelatedComplex • The pt. has HIV but not AIDS. • If a life threatening opportunistic infection occurs then the pt. is said to have AIDS.

18. Asymptomatic Infection • The pt. has HIV but not AIDS, at least not yet. • They do not have any symptoms. • TESTING FOR HIV IS AVAILABLE

19. Cancer What is cancer? Cancer is a term used for diseases in which abnormal cells divide without control and are able to invade other tissues. Cancer cells can spread to other parts of the body through the blood and lymph systems.

20. Who gets cancer? Estimated new cases and deaths from cancer in the United States in 2012: New cases: 1,638,910 Deaths: 577,190 

21. Cancers diagnosed with the greatest frequency in the United States: Bladder Cancer Lung Cancer Breast Cancer Melanoma Colon and Rectal Cancer Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma Endometrial Cancer Pancreatic Cancer Kidney Cancer Prostate Cancer Leukemia Thyroid Cancer

22. Infectiousmononucleosis What is mononucleosis most often called? What causes it? How is it treated?

23. MONONUCLEOSIS • “Kissing” Disease • Caused by the Epstein- Barr virus. • Most often seen in young adults or children. • Spread in saliva= oral contact • S/S = lymphadenitis, fever, fatigue, elevated WBC’s • RX= bedrest

24. HODGKIN’S Lymphoma • Painless swelling of a lymph node is usually the 1st sign of this disease. • It is“Cancer” of the lymph nodes. • RX with chemo and radiation- often with good results.

25. Hodgkin's lymphoma is one of two common types of cancers of the lymphatic system. The other type, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, is far more common. Advances in diagnosis and treatment of Hodgkin's lymphoma have helped to give people with this diagnosis the chance for a full recovery. The prognosis continues to improve for people with Hodgkin's lymphoma.

26. Lupuserythematosus Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a long-term autoimmune disorder that may affect the skin, joints, kidneys, brain, and other organs.

27. Causes, incidence, and risk factors Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease, which means the body's immune system mistakenly attacks healthy tissue. This leads to chronic inflammation. The underlying cause of autoimmune diseases is not fully known. SLE is much more common in women than men. It may occur at any age, but appears most often in people between the ages of 10 and 50. African Americans and Asians are affected more often than people from other races.

28. Symptoms: Fatigue Fever with no other cause General discomfort, uneasiness, or ill feeling (malaise) Hair loss Mouth sores Sensitivity to sunlight Skin rash -- a "butterfly" rash over the cheeks and bridge of the nose affects about half of people with SLE. The rash gets worse in sunlight. The rash may also be widespread. Swollen lymph nodes

29. Butterfly Rash

30. Treatment There is no cure for SLE. The goal of treatment is to control symptoms. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medications (NSAIDs) Corticosteroid creams to treat skin rashes An antimalaria drug (hydroxychloroquine) You should wear protective clothing, sunglasses, and sunscreen when in the sun.

31. Lymph edema Photo used with written permission by the Mayo Clinic. What is it? What causes it? How is it treated?

32. Lymphatic obstruction is a blockage of the lymph vessels that drain fluid from tissues throughout the body. may cause lymph edema, which means swelling due to a blockage of the lymph passages. The most common reason for lymphatic obstruction is the removal or enlargement of the lymph nodes.

33. Treatment Treatment for lymph edema includes: Compression with multilayered bandages Manual lymph drainage (MLD) Range of motion exercises to improve lymphatic flow.

34. LYMPHADENITIS • Lymphadenitis is an infection of the lymph nodes. • It is a common complication of certain bacterial infections. • Lymphadenitis may occur after infections caused by bacteria such as streptococcus or staphylococcus. Sometimes it is caused by rare infections such as cat scratch disease.

35. Treatment Lymphadenitis may spread within hours. Treatment should begin promptly. Analgesics (painkillers) to control pain Antibiotics to treat any infection Anti-inflammatory medications to reduce inflammation Cool compresses to reduce inflammation and pain

36. Scleroderma What is it? What causes it? What are some complications of scleroderma? How is it treated?

37. Scleroderma A connective tissue disease that involves changes in the skin, blood vessels, muscles, and internal organs. It is a type of autoimmune disorder. The disease usually affects people 30 to 50 years old. Women get scleroderma more often than men do.

38. Signs and Symptoms Localized scleroderma usually affects only the skin on the hands and face. It develops slowly, and rarely, if ever, spreads throughout the body or causes serious complications. Systemic scleroderma, or sclerosis, may affect large areas of skin and organs such as the heart, lungs, or kidneys.

39. symptoms of scleroderma may include: Fingers or toes that turn blue or white in response to hot and cold temperatures Hair loss Skin hardness Skin that is abnormally dark or light Skin thickening, stiffness, and tightness of fingers, hands Small white lumps beneath the skin, sometimes oozing a white substance that looks like toothpaste Sores on the fingertips or toes Tight mask-like skin on the face

40. Treatment There is no specific treatment for scleroderma. anti-inflammatory and corticosteroids medicines to control symptoms Immune-suppressing medications such as methotrexate and Cytoxan Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)

41. Tonsillitis What are the symptoms? What are the usual treatments? Why would you have your tonsils removed?

42. Tonsillitis • Frequently seen in children. • Sore throat- A bacterial or viral infection can cause tonsillitis. Strep throat is a common cause. • Difficulty swallowing • Where are your tonsils?

43. Treatment: Gargle with warm salt water Suck on popsicles Suck on lozenges containing benzocaine to reduce pain Take over-the-counter medications: Tylenol or ibuprofen to reduce pain and fever. The pt. may need a tonsillectomy if severe or recurrent

44. 2.04 Understand the functions and disorders of the lymphatic system What are the functions of the lymphatic system? What is the importance of the lymphatic system as it relates to immunity? How do you relate the body’s use of nutrients to the lymphatic system? What are some disorders of the lymphatic system and how are they treated?