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APA

APA . American Psychological Association. Why use APA?. The Purpose of APA. Consistent format for the social sciences. Prevents plagiarism. Includes summations and direct quotation. Allows the inclusion of dates as part of the in-text citation for cross-referencing. .

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APA

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  1. APA American Psychological Association Columbus State University

  2. Why use APA? Columbus State University

  3. The Purpose of APA. • Consistent format for the social sciences. • Prevents plagiarism. • Includes summations and direct quotation. • Allows the inclusion of dates as part of the in-text citation for cross-referencing. Columbus State University

  4. Dates are imperative in the social sciences since contemporary research is desired in building foundations for theory. Columbus State University

  5. Finding Good Sources for Research Papers Columbus State University

  6. Internet Sources Columbus State University

  7. Why should you evaluate internet sources? • ANYONE can put ANYTHING on the internet • No Quality Control • Not kept up-to-date • Search engines only give recommended sites in order of the prominence of placement or the frequency of your search criteria- NOT order of most reputable or useful Columbus State University

  8. Sources to be wary of: • Google • Wikipedia • Anything .org or .com. • Are they trying to serve a specific agenda? • Are they trying to sell me something? • Online encyclopedias (too broad) Columbus State University

  9. GALILEO Columbus State University

  10. How to get to GALILEO • Library Home Page http://library.colstate.edu/ • GALILEO or www.galileo.usg.edu • “Science and Technology” tab • In dropdown menu: • Science and Technology, A to Z Columbus State University

  11. Once you are in the “Science and Technology” section • #57: Health Source: Nursing / Academic Edition • #74: MEDLINE (at EBSCOhost) • See #73 for full index (not just full-text) You will have to use the library to find hard copy documents • #5 CINAHL: similar interface to #57, but different results • #19 OVID: good sources, a little more cumbersome Columbus State University

  12. Sources • Peer-Reviewed Journal • Scholarly in nature • a journal in which articles have been evaluated by an independent expert or experts in the field of research before acceptance for publication • Examples • New England Journal of Medicine • American Journal of Nursing • International Nursing Review Columbus State University

  13. More Sources • Books • Newspaper articles • Websites (remember– watch out for undocumented, biased information!!) • Government Documents • Brochures Columbus State University

  14. Contact Information • Linda Schotz • Science Librarian schotz_linda@colstate.edu • 706.565.3683 Columbus State University

  15. APA Manuscript Format Columbus State University

  16. APA • Always requires a thesis. • Encourages headings. • Requires that all references be cited both in-text and included in a list of references page. Columbus State University

  17. According to Concise Rules of APA Style, “where departmental requirements differ from APA style, the departmental requirements take precedence.” Columbus State University

  18. Citing Correctly • Find a good resource for citing mechanics. • The Writing Center or the library has books for correct citation. • http://langlit.colstate.edu/writingcenter/resources.htm • http://www.dianahacker.com/resdoc/ Columbus State University

  19. Citation Machine • New resource for the CSU Writing Center. • Allows automatic citation formatting in a variety of different styles – including APA. • Access will be opened to all CSU students, and the rest of the web community, during Fall Semester 2006. Columbus State University

  20. Avoiding Plagiarism • You can be charged with plagiarism even if you don’t know the rules of APA. • It is ANY unacknowledged (not cited) use of another person’s words or IDEAS. • Plagiarism can result in a failing grade on an assignment or in a class, academic sanctions, or expulsion from the University. • Quotation marks do not make you safe, you HAVE to provide source information. Columbus State University

  21. Plagiarism, contd. • No need to document when: • It is your own idea, experience, insight, observation, thoughts, conclusions. • You are compiling generally accepted facts. • When writing up your own experimental results. • You are using “common knowledge.” Columbus State University

  22. Common Knowledge • If the information is undocumented in five or more other published sources. • It is information that the reader of your paper already knows. • The information could be found in general reference materials. • Just because your Professor mandates that information be included does NOT mean it does not have to be cited. Columbus State University

  23. Typeface • Always follow guidelines provided by the Professor or Instructor. • Generally a 12 point font in a standard typeface (Times New Roman or Arial). Columbus State University

  24. The Cover Page • APA does not provide guidelines for a cover page, although many Instructors will require that one be included. Always follow their guidelines for your cover page. • Example of a Cover Page: http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/01/ Columbus State University

  25. Page Numbers and Running Headers • In the upper right-hand corner of each page should be a short version of your title, five spaces and the page number. • ALL pages should be numbered, even the title page if present. Columbus State University

  26. Margins and Line Spacing • All sides should have a one (1) inch margin. • Align, not justify, the right margin. • All pages should be double-spaced. Columbus State University

  27. Long Quotations • A long quotation is any directly quoted text forty (40) words or more. • “Set off” these quotations by indenting ½ inch (five spaces) from the left margin. • This quotation IS double spaced. • Quotation marks are NOT necessary. Columbus State University

  28. Abstract • Included in the paper after the title page IF your professor requests this be included. • It is a quick, succinct overview of your essay in 75 to 100 words. • It should discuss main ideas, key points, and possible applications or implications of your research. Columbus State University

  29. Headings • Encouraged, but not always necessary. • One level of headings is typically sufficient for undergraduate papers. • Major headings are centered; the first word, and all other words in the heading except articles, short prepositions, and coordinating conjunctions, are capitalized. Columbus State University

  30. Visuals • Charts, drawings, photographs, tables, figures. • Should be as simple as possible, labeled (e.g. Table 1, Table 2, etc.), and have a title on a separate line, flush left. • A note under the visual with the source information is also required. Columbus State University

  31. Visuals, contd. • For figures included in the paper, include a label and a caption below the figure, flush left. These do not have to be on separate lines. • Always be sure to discuss the most significant features of each visual in the text of your paper, placing the visuals as close to the applicable sentences as possible. Columbus State University

  32. APA List of References Columbus State University

  33. Organization and Formatting • Often helpful to complete the List of References first. • “List of References” should be centered, not underlined, at the top of the page. • The list of references should include all works referenced, not just the ones cited in-text. • Organize the list of works alphabetically by the author’s last name. Columbus State University

  34. Organization and Formatting, contd. • Use the title of the work if there is no author. • Always indent the second and subsequent lines for each individual reference using the toolbar at the top of your document. • List of references is doubled spaced and should be in the same size and type font as the paper. Columbus State University

  35. Refer to the Sample APA List of References. Columbus State University

  36. APA In-Text Citation Columbus State University

  37. Signal Phrases • Used in APA format to introduce borrowed material. • Can include the author’s last name. • If the author’s last name is not in the signal phrase, it comes at the end of the sentence within the parenthesis. Columbus State University

  38. Borrowed Language • Directly borrowed words must be in quotation marks. • Paraphrased material must be restated in your own words. Columbus State University

  39. The Author, (date) is always included in the in-text citation, and followed by the (page number). The date and the page number are in parenthesis and the page number comes at the end of the sentence. Columbus State University

  40. Alternatively, the author can also be included in the parenthetical at the end of the sentence if not in the signal phrase. But never both. Columbus State University

  41. In-Text Citation Example • Rumbaugh (1995) reported that “Kanzi’s comprehension of over 600 novel sentences of request was very comparable to Alia’s; both complied with requests without assistance on approximately 70% of the sentences” (p. 722). • Or It is reported that “Kanzi’s […] (Rumbaugh, 1995, p. 722). - dianahacker.com Columbus State University

  42. The date is included in APA in-text citation because the social sciences operate on a chronological basis of development. • The designation for page is “p.”. • Putting the author and date in the signal phrase or at the end of the sentence is a stylistic preference. Columbus State University

  43. Multiple Authors • For two authors, both last names are listed, joined by “and,” if included in the signal phrase. • If included in the end of sentence citation, both last names are included, joined by an ampersand (the & symbol). Columbus State University

  44. Multiple Authors, contd. • For a work with three to five authors, use all authors last name’s. • Separate the names with commas, joining the last name with “and” in text, and the “&” symbol if in parenthetical. • In any further citations, use the first last name, referring to the rest as “et al.” Columbus State University

  45. Multiple Authors, contd. • Example: The chimpanzee Nim was raised by researchers who trained him in American Sign Language by molding and guiding his hands (Terrace, Petitto, Sanders, & Beaver, 1979, p. 234). (Terrace et al., 1979, p. 245). Columbus State University

  46. Multiple Authors, contd. • For a work with six or more authors, use only the last name of the first author listed, referring to the other authors as “et al.” • Use this format in the signal phrase or if included in the parenthetical. Columbus State University

  47. Unknown Author • For works where the author is unknown, include the entire title, if it is short, or the first two words, if the title is long, in either the signal phrase or the parenthetical. Columbus State University

  48. Other Common Citations • Organization as an author: use the full name of the organization, the first time and the abbreviation in subsequent citations. • For authors with the same last name, use the first initial and the last name, e.g. J. Smith (2001). • For personal communication include (Name, personal communication, September 27, 2006). Columbus State University

  49. Other Common Citations, contd. • In an indirect citation, include the original author’s name in the signal phrase, and in the parenthetical and list of references, the format should include the indirect source’s author. • Example: Linguist Noam Chomsky has dismissed studies on Kanzi with a flippant analogy: “To maintain that Kanzi has language ability is like saying that man can fly because he can jump in the air” (as cited in Booth, 1990, p. A3). Columbus State University

  50. Electronic citations often can be complicated since frequently there is missing information. Always consult an APA handbook for the citation of electronic resources. Again, make sure that electronic sources are “good” sources. Columbus State University

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