Weitang Song

1. Technology Advances in Protected Horticulture Weitang Song China Agricultural University (CAU),Professor

2. 1. Introduction 2. Chinese Solar Greenhouse 3. Conclusion Contents

3. 1. Introduction

4. Areas of Protected Horticulture in China（104 ha）

5. Heating Greenhouse General Solar Greenhouse Multi-span Greenhouse Energy-saving Solar Greenhouse Small Arch Shed Big and Middle Shed

6. Crop Distribution of Protected Horticulture(104 ha)

7. Regional distribution of Protected Vegetables The middle and lower reaches of Changjiang River Bohai Bay and Huang-Huai Area Northwest Region Other

8. Achievement • Ensure whole-year vegetable supply: National output of protected vegetable is 2.5 hundred million, with per capita 185.66 kg. • Promote employment and increase farmer income: Incept 27 million employees directly and 15 million employees in related industry. Net output of protected vegetable was more than 580 billion RMB in 2010. • Improve the status of protected vegetable industry: Utilizing 3.1% farmland, protected vegetable industry accounts for 25% of output.

9. Low-carbon and energy-saving: Eight hundred hectares of Energy-saving Solar Greenhouse can save 300 million tons of coal every year, which is equivalent to reduction of 800 million tons CO2, 2.6 million tons SO2 and 2.2 million tons NOx emissions. • Low cost and simple facilities: Shed with bamboo-wood frame accounts for more than 60%, and Energy-saving Solar Greenhouse with bamboo-wood and mud wall frame accounts for 60%. • Mainly located in area with the lowest tepm.0~-25 oC： Bohai Bay, Huang Huai Area, The middle and lower reaches of Changjiang River, Northwest Region accounts for 88%, Solar Greenhouse is located mainly in north. • Fruit vegetable as primary vegetables: • Value the exploitation and utilization of low-yielding fields and non-arable land: Features

10. 2. Chinese Solar Greenhouse(CSG)

11. Cover (plastic film) on South Surface Back Roof North Wall N S Thermal Quilt Cover on South Surface E W 2.1Charicteristics of CSG Structure of CSG

12. Main components of CSG Thermal Quilt Back Roof Cover on South Surface Roof Height Wall Height North Wall Horizontal Width of Back Roof N S Span

13. 2.2 Property of CSG ① Low cost for construction (1/10～1/3 of Multi-span Greenhouse)。 ② Low running cost (no heating cost)。 ③ Ample light in CSG during day: Light intensity in CSG on sunny days during winter in Beijing(40o N) is more than 400mmol/(m2∙s)(25,000lx)，which is higher Multi-span Greenhouse. ④ CSG warms quickly in day，an hour earlier than no-heating Multi-span Greenhouse; good thermal insulation。Indoor temp. is well above than outdoor’s in both day and night. ⑤ Production of warm-season vegetable during winter is capable under no-heating condition in 32°N~43°N.

14. 25 ~30℃ 18 ~ 20℃ Sunny days: In day highest indoor temperature is 25~30oC higher than outdoor’s; In night lowest indoor temperature is 18~20 oC higher than outdoor’s Air Temperature(oC) Indoor Temperature Outdoor Temperature Time(h)

15. 18 ~22℃ 15 ~ 18℃ Cloud days: In day highest indoor temperature is 18~22oC higher than outdoor’s; In night lowest indoor temperature is 15~18 oC higher than outdoor’s Indoor Temperature Air Temperature(oC) Outdoor Temperature Time(h) As for common Multi-span Greenhouse, even with good insulation measures such as multilayer coverage ，in night lowest indoor temperature is only 6~8 oC higher than outdoor’s without heating.

16. 2.3 The recent development of CSG 1) Diversification of Mode and Structure Brick Wall CSG in Liaoning Province

17. Cob Wall CSG in Liaoning Province

18. Cob Wall CSG in Liaoning Province under construction

19. CSG in Beijing

20. Thermal Quilt Back Roof Cover on South Surface 1~1.5m 3~4m North Wall Insulation Material Clay Brick N S 0.5~0.8m 8~10m Typical Brick Wall CSG

21. Thickness of the top of wall d2=1.5~3m Ridge Height Hj=4~5m Incline of Interior Wall dq=0.2~1m Wall Height Hq=3.5~4.5m Sinking depth of flooring Hc=0.5~1.5m N S Thickness of the bottom of wall d1=4~8m Net Span L=10~14m Thick Cob Wall Long-span Sinking CSG in Shandong Province

22. Thick Cob Wall Long-span Sinking CSG in Shandong Province

23. Thick Cob Wall Long-span Sinking CSG in Shandong Province

24. Thick Cob Wall Long-span Sinking CSG in Shandong Province

25. Double-span CSG

26. Multi-span CSG

27. Shady Shed Sunny Shed South and North double-span(sunny and shady type) CSG • Sunny shed serves same purpose as common CSG. • Shady shed has warming effect on the back wall. • Due to the poor light conditions and low temp.(still higher than open field),shady shed is used to cultivate crops like edible mushroom, shade-loving leafy vegetable and flowers. • Increase land use efficiency.

28. South and North double-span (sunny and shady type) CSG

29. Mountain (sloping field)CSG Located in the south of slopes, where is sunny and leeward. (south by east or west <15o) Advantages: • High land use efficiency. • Long sunlight timeand good light condition • Good heat insulation.

30. Mountain (sloping field)CSG in Ansai County, Shaanxi Province

31. 2） Improve synthetical control ability of CSG environment Mechanical ventilation and cooling system Sun-shading device Vent opening control system CO2enrichment technology (straw biological reactor et al.) Soilless cultivation Application of internet technology

32. Add mechanical ventilation , cooling and shading systems to lower indoor temperaturein summer.

33. Electric vent opening devicecould improve the effect of environmental regulation and working efficiency.

34. Soilless cultivation in CSG Organic Substrates Cultivation Circulating Sponge Substrate Cultivation

35. 3. Conclusion

36. Ministry of Agriculture Academic board Key Laboratory of Agricultural Engineering in Structure and Environment China Agriculture University Professional (Regional)Key Laboratory Scientific observation experiment stations Key Laboratory of Farm building in Structure and Construction Observation experiment stations of Protected Horticulture Engineering in NorthEast Observation experiment stations of Facility Cultivation Enginnering in South west Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture Facility and intelligent control Key Laboratory of Energy Conservation and waste Treatment of Agriculture Structure Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture Engineering in Northwest Observation experiment stations of Protected Horticulture Engineering in Huanghuaihai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Engineering in Structure and Environment

37. Main Researches: • 1. Development strategy and planning of protected agriculture regional characteristic industry • 2. Production technology mode innovation and environmental control technology of protected agriculture • 3. Security and standardization of agricultural facilities structure • 4. Production equipment and intelligent control technology of protected agriculture • 5. Energy Conservation and waste treatment of protected agriculture • 6. Protected horticulture engineering technology in northwest area

38. Key Laboratory of Agricultural Engineering in Structure and Environment has been committed to the development of protected agriculture and industrial upgrading in China , especially vegetable industry. Hope we could work together for the rapid development of China blueberry industry in the future.

39. 谢 谢 Thanks