1 / 53

Chapter 7

Chapter 7. Nationalism and Sectionalism 1812 - 1855. 1. Industry and Transportation. What were some of the key developments in transportation of the early 1800’s? Explain/analyze the rise of industry in the U.S. in the early 1800’s.

Download Presentation

Chapter 7

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript


  1. Chapter 7 Nationalism and Sectionalism 1812 - 1855

  2. 1. Industry and Transportation • What were some of the key developments in transportation of the early 1800’s? • Explain/analyze the rise of industry in the U.S. in the early 1800’s. • Describe some of the leading inventions and industrial developments in the early 1800’s. • New developments in technology, transportation, manufacturing will set the country on a path of industrialization for decades

  3. Transportation • Early travel: carts, wagons, stagecoaches • Turnpikes built – toll paid but few profited • Steamboat – Robert Fulton – first steam powered boat in U.S. (coal or wood) • Named Clermont • Could now travel upstream • Revolutionized river and ocean travel

  4. Transportation cont. • Growth of canals – mostly in northeast • Erie Canal – across New York (Hudson River to Lake Erie) • http://www.history.com/shows/america-the-story-of-us/videos/building-the-erie-canal • Produce could now be sent to NY quickly which led to NY becoming a major commercial center

  5. Railroads • Most dramatic improvement – developed in GB – appeared in U.S. 1820’s • First pulled by horses; later used steam • Could carry much heavier freight • Cost less to build than canals and could travel faster

  6. George Stephenson’s “ROCKET”

  7. Industrial Growth • Developments in technology transformed manufacturing • Known as the Industrial Revolution • Transformed culture, social life and politics • Began in Britain late 1700’s • Used steam or flowing rivers to power machines • Textile industry first

  8. Samuel Slater • Emigrant from England who knew how steam machinery worked • Was illegal for British citizens to leave the country if they knew the secrets to the machinery • Secretly left England to start business in America • Pawtucket, Rhode Island • Set up first successful textile mill in the U.S. • Techniques copied and by 1814, there were about 240 textile mills in America • Family system – all lived together in town owned by factory owner

  9. Lowell Mills • Francis Cabot Lowell established first mill at Waltham, MA • Created/controlled all aspects of production not just thread • Employed young, single women – “Lowell Girls” • Strict rules of behavior; had to live in Lowell housing

  10. Slater’s Mill & Spinning Frame

  11. Lowell Mill and Lowell Women

  12. Industry cont. • Changed workers’ lives as well • Divided work into small, specific tasks • Little skill required so little training required • Less costly to employ unskilled workers • Downside for workers?

  13. Interchangeable Parts (Eli Whitney) Products traditionally made by skilled craftsmen and were unique Parts are now made identically and interchangeably Significance? New Inventions

  14. Inventions cont. • Sewing machine • Elias Howe – improved by Isaac Singer • Lowered cost of making cloth into clothing

  15. Samuel F. B. Morse Telegraph Electrical pulses over wires; dots and dashes Morse Code Revolutionized communication Communication

  16. Farming • New developments • John Deere – steel plow • Cyrus McCormick - reaper

  17. 2. Sectional Differences • Why did industry take root in the North? • Describe the impact of industrialization on northern life. • Analyze the reasons that agriculture and slavery became entrenched in the South.

  18. Sectional Differences • Embargo of 1807 & War of 1812 had reduced access to British manufactured goods • Post war – flood of imports, threatened American manufacturers • Tariff of 1816 – increases prices • Helped industrial Northeast but hurt farmers • Why Northeast? Waterways for power; more capital to invest; more workers; southern land and climate favored agriculture

  19. Social Change • Industry required fewer skills; paid lower wages; skilled artisans lost significance and wages • Factories – long hours, low pay, tedious tasks, child labor, horrible conditions, urban society – tenements, no sanitation, little fire, police presence; dangerous • See Venn Diagram (North & South)

  20. Social Change • Workers organized labor unions; united to seek better pay, conditions • Used strikes sometimes • Middle class emerges – bankers, lawyers, accountants, clerks, brokers, retailers • Moved away from urban areas; poor couldn’t afford to move so became segregated by class, heritage, etc.

  21. Mid 1800’s workers increasingly made up of immigrants Irish potato famine German political problems; uprisings Mainly Catholic, Jewish New England cities; factories, docks, domestic servants Immigration

  22. Immigration cont. • Clustered in urban areas by nationality/background • Competed for jobs • Discrimination, hostility, attacks • Nativists campaigned for laws to restrict immigration

  23. Southern Agriculture • Slavery had died out or been outlawed in North • In the South the cotton gin spurs expansion of agriculture, slavery • Removed seeds from cotton • Invented by Eli Whitney • By 1860 – 4 million slaves (1.5 mil. 1820) • Price - $1,800 ($600 in 1820)

  24. “King Cotton” became major export in South Filled growing demand from northern textile factories Cotton/textiles accounted for half of all U.S. exports Cotton Gin

  25. Economic Consequences • Dependent on one crop – sometimes prices were low so some went bankrupt • Didn’t encourage industry and entrepreneurship • Only one major city – New Orleans • Population grew slowly (didn’t attract immigrants) – this increased political power of the North

  26. Economic Consequences cont. • One in four owned slaves; usually 3-4 • Very few owned 100 slaves or more • Why did it continue then? • Farmers hoped to have plantations one day and feared freeing slaves • Felt racially superior, slavery helped the southern economy • Claimed it was kinder than industrial life

  27. 3. Era of Nationalism • Analyze the causes and effects of nationalism on domestic policy during the years following the War of 1812 • Describe the impact of nationalism on the nation’s foreign policy • Summarize the struggle over the issue of slavery as the nation grew

  28. Nationalism • Surge in pride and national identity following War of 1812 • “Era of Good Feeling” • Democratic Republicans essentially only party • James Monroe – 5th president • Henry Clay and other D-R’s supported tariffs; American System – wanted federal government to build roads, canals, to link Atlantic with Midwest – “internal improvements”

  29. Nationalism cont. • Also favored Bank of U.S. • 2nd bank established (1816) • Irony: This is the group who hated federal power! • Marshall Court • Expands Court’s power • Marbury v. Madison (JR), McCulloch v. Maryland (Bank), Gibbons v. Ogden (Int. Commerce) • Federal law over state law – govt. can regulate interstate commerce, can create Bank • Shift from single businesses or proprietorships to corporations

  30. Economic Panics • Periodic shocks or downturns in the economy • Boom or Bust cycles common in capitalism (driven by supply and demand) • Boom – high demand, high prices, high production • Bust – goods exceed demand, falling demand, falling prices • 3 panics 1819, 1837, 1857

  31. Nationalism in Foreign Affairs • Adams-Onis Treaty • Gave Florida to the U.S. • Ended Spanish claims to Oregon Territory • Opened up new areas for expansion • Monroe Doctrine – warned European powers to stay out of western affairs • Reflected our desire for power

  32. Compromise over Slavery • Spirit of nationalism failed to suppress growing sectional (regional) differences • 1820 – Missouri Compromise is reached (Henry Clay) • Maine admitted as a free state, Missouri as a slave state; kept balance equal • No slavery permitted North of 36 degrees • Only temporarily solved the issue of slavery (can you compromise on this?)

  33. Jefferson Quote • “This momentous question, like a fire-bell in the night awakened and filled me with terror. I considered it at once the death knell of the Union.”

  34. 4. Age of Jackson • 1824 – John Quincy Adams; Jackson loses; “corrupt bargain” (goes to House, Clay gives support to JQA then gets a Cabinet post) • Election of 1828 campaigned across the country (a new idea) • National politics growing more democratic (electors chosen by people, property restrictions dropped so more could vote) – see chart page 251; still no women/blacks

  35. Jackson cont. • He became the symbol of democracy • Jacksonian Democracy • Celebrated majority rule, common people • Born in a log cabin, orphaned, fought in American Revolution; but actually became a wealthy attorney in Tennessee; war hero against Indians & New Orleans • By 1828 – supporters called Democrats

  36. Jackson • A return to strong state govt.,weak federal power that would not interfere with basic rights (including slavery) • A return to Jeffersonian Democracy • Rewarded service with govt. jobs – the “spoils system” – criticized for this

  37. Native American Removal • Jackson - Strong political base in the South • 60,000 Native Americans lived here • Cherokee, Creek, Chocktaw, Seminole, Chickasaw – land seized • Supreme Court rules (Worcester v. GA) that GA can’t interfere with Indians • Jackson ignored it! (Favored states here) • Executive branch – enforces laws

  38. Native Americans cont. • Indian Removal Act 1830 • Southern tribes would be moved to western territory (Oklahoma) • Trail of Tears – route traveled by thousands of Indians; starved, frozen, beaten, shot – over 4,000 died

  39. 5. Constitutional Crisis & Disputes • Tariffs were a long debated issue • North favored (protected business) South opposed (higher prices) • 1828 – Tariff of Abominations • John Calhoun (SC) violently opposed tariff (remember he was a War Hawk – strong nationalist – switched to states’ rights) • Future of slavery depended on states’ rights

  40. Crisis • 1832 – SC nullifies (void) tariff and threatened to secede (break away) if the govt. tried to enforce • Jackson, a strong state supporter drew the line here – the Union must be preserved (favors federal law over state law) • Threatens to send troops (Force Bill) • Daniel Webster defends national unity • Tariff reduced; crisis avoided (for now)

  41. The Bank War • Jackson opposed Bank – saw this as elitist, favoring North, industrialists, left out the southern farmers, laborers • 2nd Bank charter renewed • Jackson vetoed it (rarely used) – Bank unauthorized by Constitution • Opponents denounced him as a power hungry tyrant (“King Andrew”) – new party Whigs

More Related