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Political Revolutions In Europe and the Americas 1649 – 1830

16. Political Revolutions In Europe and the Americas 1649 – 1830. Political Revolutions in Europe and the Americas Political Revolution. Political revolution changes fundamental basis of government Apparent unity can shift rapidly Revolutions often based on a coalition

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Political Revolutions In Europe and the Americas 1649 – 1830

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  1. 16 Political Revolutions In Europe and the Americas 1649 – 1830

  2. Political Revolutions in Europe and the Americas Political Revolution • Political revolution changes fundamental basis of government • Apparent unity can shift rapidly • Revolutions often based on a coalition • Threshold of victory can bring crisis • Struggle to gain power within coalition often more brutal than effort to end prior system

  3. Political Revolution • English, American and French Revolutions are all labeled “democratic” by analysts • These revolutions share common traits • Slogans included liberty, equality, fraternity, natural rights, pursuit of happiness, property, no taxation without representation • Outcomes often different than stated goals

  4. Human Rights in the Age of Enlightenment • Philosophical Rationales • Thomas Hobbes • Saw origins of government in brutal life without government • Life in nature--solitary, nasty, brutish, and short • Made a social contract to natural world • To break contract was to return to state of nature

  5. Human Rights in the Age of Enlightenment • Philosophical Rationales [cont.] • John Locke, 2nd Treatise on Government • Social contract the origin of government • State of nature a benevolent place • Right of revolution if gov’t violates human rights • Majority rule of property holders the key concern • Role of government is to protect property

  6. Human Rights in the Age of Enlightenment • Study of Scientific Revolution a “new” field • Characteristics of the Revolution • Rise of a community instead of individuals • Development of new methods • Reliance on mathematics • Empiricism • Technology present in equipment use • Freedom of inquiry

  7. Human Rights in the Age of Enlightenment • Intellectual Revolutions in Science & Philosophy • Copernicus revises the universe • Placed sun at center of solar system for simplicity • Feared impact from Church which accepted a geocentric view • Published findings on his deathbed • Tyco Brahe offered complex geocentric model • Conflict between religious and mathematical astronomers

  8. Human Rights in the Age of Enlightenment • Intellectual Revolutions in Science & Philosophy • Galileo added observations and new technology to the debate and supported geocentric view • Newton developed calculus

  9. England’s Glorious Revolution, 1688 • Unauthorized taxes by Charles I lead to civil war & Charles’ execution in 1649 • Oliver Cromwell leads Puritans to victory and rules as Lord Protector to 1658 • Civil War establishes principle that monarchy can be abolished

  10. England’s Glorious Revolution, 1688 • The Bill of Rights, 1689 • Parliament rejects Stuarts for William & Mary in 1688 • New monarchs sign Bill of Rights in 1689 • No taxes raised or armies recruited without approval of Parliament • No subject can be detained without due process • King cannot suspend laws on his own • Reality is government by male property owners

  11. Philosophes & Enlightenment in the 18th Century • Philosophes want to use science & reason to solve problems in politics & economics • Ideas are in American and French Revolutions • Were influenced by travel and knowledge of other cultures • Most were deists in religion

  12. Philosophes & Enlightenment in the 18th Century • Believed in Progress and the perfectibility of mankind • Encyclopedia of Diderot is famous product • Voltaire--freedom of liberty, press, inquiry • Enlightened Despotism • Good government does not require self-government; rationale used by colonial powers

  13. Philosophes & Enlightenment in the 18th Century • Rousseau skeptical about self-government • Promotes idea of General Will which sounds close to tyranny in minds of critics • Is unclear about how to achieve it • Adam Smith • Promoted free trade • Envy of wealth necessitated protection of private property

  14. Revolution in North America, 1776 • Americans resent British control from 1760s onward • British policy built of large army in North America and taxation to support it • Grievances lead to Declaration of Independence, 1776 • It asserts same concerns as English on eve of the Glorious Revolution

  15. Revolution in North America, 1776 • Constitution and Bill of Rights, 1789 • Constitution creates federal government • Bill of Rights goes beyond British model to add freedom of press, religion, assembly, and right to bear arms • Approach tied to four American factors • 1) Settlers were religious dissenters; 2) abundant land; 3) absence of privileged classes; 4) world had become more radical with new political ideas

  16. Revolution in North America, 1776 • The First Anti-Imperial Revolution • Represented rejection of colonial rule • But westward movement created American imperial ambition • Still, American Revolution inspired many subsequent revolutions such as Nehru in India • Not a complete political revolution; many groups left out but ideal of equality emerges

  17. French Revolution & Napoleon, 1789-1812 • American Revolution was unique--4 million people, edge of continent, no tradition of class or clerical privilege, built on tradition of British liberty • French Revolution was internal revolt against entrenched elites & monarchy, in most populous & powerful European nation • All Europe affected by French Revolution

  18. French Revolution & Napoleon, 1789-1812 • Origins of Revolution • King’s need for revenue • France was divided into three Estates • Nobles and clergy were tax exempt • Revolt of the Third Estate • Want to turn Estates-General into legislature • Sieyes, What is the Third Estate? • Want delegates to meet as unicameral legs.

  19. French Revolution & Napoleon, 1789-1812 • The Revolt of the Poor • Events occur against backdrop of food shortage • Assault on Bastille, July 14, 1789 • Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen • Great Fear in the countryside • Women’s March on Versailles, Oct. 5-6, 1789 • Constitution of 1791 • Reflects ideals of philosophes • Promulgated after wave of protests

  20. French Revolution & Napoleon, 1789-1812 • International War, the 2nd Revolution and the Terror, 1791-99 • French actions threaten Europe • Civil Constitution of the Clergy • Europe attacks the Revolution, 1792 • Poor attempt to kill Louis XVI, August 9, 1792 • Legislature turns radical after September elections • Reign of Terror • Levee en masse (national military draft)

  21. French Revolution & Napoleon, 1789-1812 • International War, the 2nd Revolution, and the Terror, 1791-99 [cont.] • Radical actions under Robespierre • New Calendar • Worship of the Supreme Being • Success in war prompts reaction against extreme measures • Directory established, 1795 • Napoleon to power, 1799

  22. French Revolution & Napoleon, 1789-1812 • Napoleon in Power, 1799-1812 • Consolidates or extends revolutionary ideas • Code Napoleon, 1804 • “careers open to talent” • Concordat with Pope • Full citizenship for Protestants and Jews • Actions reflect his own modest origins

  23. Ch. 16: POLITICAL French Revolution & Napoleon, 1789-1812 • Napoleonic Wars & the Spread of Revolution, 1799-1812 • Direct or indirect control of Europe by 1810 • Flaws in his policies magnified by ambition • Unsuccessful in war against Britain • Defeated in invasion of Russia, 1812 • Nationalism undermines his control of W. Europe • Defeated and exiled, 1814 & 1815 • Congress of Vienna creates balance of power, 1815

  24. Haiti: Slave Revolution & Overthrow of Colonialism • Caribbean Slave revolts commonly suppressed • Hispaniola, French sugar colony, saw 40,000 whites in control of 500,000 black slaves • Slaves escape brutality physically by maroonage (flight) and psychologically through vodoun (voodoo) • Network of resistance begins in 1750s

  25. Haiti: Slave Revolution & Overthrow of Colonialism • The Slave Revolt • Begins in 1791 perhaps with inspiration from American and French revolutions • French revolution outlaws slavery, 1794 • Toussaint L’Ouverture leads revolt to success • Napoleonic attempt to restore French control fails despite use of 20,000 troops • Final independence of Haiti declared in 1804

  26. Abolition of Slavery and the Slave Trade • Fear of Haiti-style revolts leads British to abolish slavery, 1807 • U. S. abolished international slave trade in 1808 but retains slavery until Civil War • Slavery abolished in Puerto Rico, 1876, in Cuba, 1886, & in Brazil, 1888

  27. The End of Colonialism in Latin America, 1810-30 • Independence Movements • Revolts led by creole elites, direct descendents of original Spanish settlers • Helped Spain & Portugal put down Indian revolts • Creole fear of indigenous population helped spur drive to independence • Revolts led by creoles were for their control of countries & enjoyment of Enlightenment ideals

  28. The End of Colonialism in Latin America, 1810-30 • After Independence • Bolivar & the Challenge of Unification • Led independence movements after French invasion of Spain • Active in Venezuela, Argentina, Chile, Ecuador, Columbia • Hoped for a unified South America but got local caudillo rule

  29. The End of Colonialism in Latin America, 1810-30 • After Independence [cont.] • Mexico • Early Mexican movement opposed Creoles leaders • By 1821 independence creoles were in charge • Territory lost to U.S. and to breakaway nations • Brazil • Portuguese monarch fled Napoleon for Brazil • Brazil made co-equal with Portugal • Brazil became a monarchy

  30. The End of Colonialism in Latin America, 1810-30 • After Independence [cont.] • Paraguay: The New Historiography • Dictactor Francia strongly criticized by creoles and gained a bad reputation • Revolution based on self-government & land distribution • Efforts to defeat Paraguay as a source of inspiration for Argentines and others met with failure

  31. The End of Colonialism in Latin America, 1810-30 • Religious & Economic Issues

  32. Political Revolutions: What Difference Do They Make? • Each Revolution has a clear outcome • British created constitutional rights, failed to extend them to America, but abolished slavery • Philosophes inspired subsequent revolutions • Americans promoted freedom but not for all • Lat. America: political but not econ. freedom • French Revolution is the exception • Idea of revolution but prefigures 20th century

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