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ENERGIES FOR A SUSTAINABLE FUTURE

ENERGIES FOR A SUSTAINABLE FUTURE. The potential of Renewable Energies. F.P. Neirac – CEP – Ecole des Mines. ENERGIES FOR A SUSTAINABLE FUTURE. History Energy and economy The case of Renewable Energies. Energy. Classification PV Solar concentrating technologies Wind Geothermy

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ENERGIES FOR A SUSTAINABLE FUTURE

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  1. ENERGIES FOR A SUSTAINABLE FUTURE The potential of Renewable Energies F.P. Neirac – CEP – Ecole des Mines

  2. ENERGIES FOR A SUSTAINABLE FUTURE • History • Energy and economy • The case of Renewable Energies Energy • Classification • PV • Solar concentrating technologies • Wind • Geothermy • Biomass • Solat thermal Renewable Energies Synthesis F.P. Neirac – CEP – Ecole des Mines

  3. Paleolithic -300 Millions of years Creation of the fossil ressources -15 Billions of year : The Big-Bag -4,5 Billions : The Earth -18000 Lighting -5 Billions of years : The Sun -500 Millions of years : The Life -400000 : The Fire (Homo-Erectus) Middle Age Mesolithic -10000 BC -10000 BC -8000 BC -2000 BC -200 BC +700 AD +1000 AD -3000 BC Domestication Of animals The wheel Hydraulic energy, Mills Age of fire Agriculture Intensification of energy use : wood and muscular traction Wind energy (vertical axis, Asia) Energy HISTORY OF ENERGY

  4. 1200 1300 1787 1800 1810 1859 Wind mills (horizontal axis) The steam engine Industrial revolution, Massive use of coal First use of coal (wood depletion) First electric generator (Volta) First oil well (Pennsylvania, Edwin Drake, USA) 1882 + 1885 1930 1938 1942 1973 1980 Hydraulic Energy Atomic fission First Oil Crisi First coal electric plant (New-York) Massive use of oil First nuclear reactor University of Chicago Second oil crisis Energy HISTORY OF ENERGY

  5. Energy HISTORY OF ENERGY

  6. Evolution of energy needs from 1990 … North America 9 billions of TEP Australia Japan Tep/hab Russia FSU Latin America Middle East Africa South Afric China Western Europe Population (billions Source : « World Energy Assessment », UNDP, UNDESA, CME, 2001

  7. Amérique du Nord … to 2050 20 billions of tep Australie Japon Consommation par habitant en tep Russie-PECO Amérique latine Moyen-Orient Afrique Asie du Sud Chine … Europe de l’Ouest Population mondiale, en milliards d’habitants

  8. Energy ENERGY IS THE OXYGEN OF THE ECONOMIC LIFE • Since 200 years, the economic growth has been linked to an exponential use of energy • Today, humanity has to face a double challenge : • CO2 • Fossil reserves

  9. Energy ENERGY IS THE OXYGEN OF THE ECONOMIC LIFE • CO2 : CO2 Resources Use + 2000 Futur Future Past

  10. Energy ENERGY IS THE OXYGEN OF THE ECONOMIC LIFE • Fossil Reserves depletion : Oil consumption continues to increase !

  11. Energy ENERGY IS THE OXYGEN OF THE ECONOMIC LIFE • Fossil Reserves depletion : The proved reserves in 1999 …

  12. Energy ENERGY IS THE OXYGEN OF THE ECONOMIC LIFE • Fossil Reserves depletion : … and the evolution in 2005

  13. Energy Proved World Reserves 1200 GBl A cube 5.7x5.7x5.7 km3

  14. World consumption : Flow of the Seine river : 80 M Bl/j = 150 m3/s 250 m3/s Introduction 1200 MBl

  15. Energy ENERGY IS THE OXYGEN OF THE ECONOMIC LIFE • Situation for oil : • Actual reserves are estimated at 1200 Gbl (180 Gtep) ~ 40 years of actual consumption • Reserves could increase : • Improvement of recovering factors • Non conventional oil (heavy oil, tar sands, …)

  16. Energy ENERGY IS THE OXYGEN OF THE ECONOMIC LIFE • Situation for oil : • Actual reserves are estimated at 1200 Gbl (180 Gtep) ~ 40 years of actual consumption • Reserves could increase : • Improvement of recovering factors • Non conventional oil (heavy oil, tar sands, …) • The reality is that we consume each year more oil than we discover …

  17. We Are Here 2050 1850 1850 World Oil:Depletion, Geopolitics, CO2

  18. Energy ENERGY IS THE OXYGEN OF THE ECONOMIC LIFE • Situation for Natural Gas : • Actual reserves are estimated at 155 Tm3 (139 Gtep) ~ 60 years of actual consumption (2.5 Tm3/y) • More NG is discovered each year than we consume • However, if we would have to replace oil and coal consumption by NG, R/P would become only 17 years

  19. We Are Here 1900 2050 World Gas:Depletion, Geopolitics, CO2

  20. Energy ENERGY IS THE OXYGEN OF THE ECONOMIC LIFE • Situation for coal : • Huge reserves : R/P > 230 years • No intense prospection : reserves could increase • Coal is mainly consumed where it is produced

  21. Energy ENERGY IS THE OXYGEN OF THE ECONOMIC LIFE • Situation for coal : • Huge reserves : R/P > 230 years • No intense prospection : reserves could increase • Coal is mainly consumed where it is produced • However : • coal is the most polluting and CO2 emitting fossil energy • Mining has strong environmental impacts

  22. We Are Here 1850 2150 World Coal:Depletion, Land Impacts, CO2

  23. Energy ENERGY IS THE OXYGEN OF THE ECONOMIC LIFE • Situation for uranium : • With the known resources (4 MT) and the actual consumption (60000 t/y), R/P ~ 70 y • With surgeneration, reserves could last over 1000 years • Drawbacks : • Nuclear energy is very capital intensive, investments are not favored by deregulation • Social acceptability • Risks of dissemination

  24. We Are Here Breeder Reactors Uranium 1950 2075 World Nuclear:Surgeneration is needed

  25. Energy ENERGY IS THE OXYGEN OF THE ECONOMIC LIFE • Situation for RES : • Today RES accounts for 14 % of the world electricity production

  26. Energy ENERGY IS THE OXYGEN OF THE ECONOMIC LIFE • Situation for RES : • 84 % of this production is hydroelectricity • "New" RES (PV, Wind, …) account for less than 1 %

  27. We Are Here Renewable Energy:Infinite, Clean

  28. Renewable Energies

  29. Extra-terrestrial radiation : 1400 W/m2 Renewable Energies Is Renewable energy really "Inifinite" ? • Solar Energy : • Life time : 5 billions of years • Energy received annually by the earth : R=6400 km Radiation received in the cross section: 1.8 1011 MW Energy received in 1 year : 1,6 1015 MWh ~ 130 106 MTEP World energy consumption : 3500 MTEP Solar Energy > 30000 times World Energy Consumption !

  30. Renewable Energies Is Renewable energy really "Inifinite" ? • Practically, energy received at the ground level is reduced : • Atmosphere, clouds • Earth rotation • Ground radiation ~ 10000 times WEC • Orders of magnitude : • France : 3 kWh/m2 day (North) to 5 kWh (South) • Serbia : likely more (6 kWh/m2 day)

  31. Renewable Energies Is Renewable energy really "Inifinite" ? • Illustration : A 100 m2 three levels building Energy needs heating (150 kWh/m2 y) : 45000 kWh Electr. (35 kWh/m2 y) : 10500 kWh Total : 55500 kWh Incident Solar Energy on 100 m2 : ISE (kWh/y) ISE/needs 3 kWh/m2d 110000 2 5 kWh/m2d 185000 3.3 6 kWh/m2d 220000 4

  32. Renewable Energies Is Renewable energy really "Inifinite" ? • Illustration n° 2: Ennergy produced by 1 m2 PV panel • France : 100 kWh/m2/year for a photovoltaic panel • 450 TWh yearly electricity • Equivalent PV surface = 5000 km2 • Comparison : buildings ground surface = 10000 km2

  33. Renewable Energies Is Renewable energy really "Inifinite" ? • In terms of "orders of magnitude", RES have the potential to become an important energy source • However, tremendous obstacles • Costs • Variability : • In time (sun, wind, hydro, biomass, …) • In space (towns, deserts, …) • Difficulty (impossibility ?) to be stored

  34. Renewable Energies Classification ofrenewable energy sources • RES inside the global scheme of energy sources :

  35. Renewable Energies Classification ofrenewable energy sources

  36. Renewable Energies Classification ofrenewable energy sources

  37. Renewable Energies REVIEW OF THE MAIN RES • Photovoltaic energy • Solar concentrating technologies • Wind energy • Geothermal energy • Biomass

  38. PV Energy The Photovoltaic Energy • Technical aspects • Efficiency of the PV conversion • The PV industry • Use of PV energy • Economic aspects

  39. PV Energy Technical Aspect (90 % of the market) : Silicium • Made from sand (1800°C) • Purified • Amorphous (a-Si) • Monocristallin (mc-Si) • Poly-cristallin (c-Si)

  40. PV Energy Technical Aspect Silicium Lingot Lingot scié Wafer

  41. PV Energy Technical Aspect Doping + Antirefl. Cell Wafer Module Connexion

  42. PV Energy Technical Aspect Other materials • GaAs : Spatial, 30 % efficiency • CdTe : "cheap", 10% efficiency • CuInSe2, ou CIS : 17 % Dye-cells (Titane Dioxide de titane), polymers, photo-electro-chemical, organic… Research is going on …

  43. PV Energy Efficiency • Solar spectrum : • Photons issued from the solar radiation do not have the same energy

  44. PV Energy Efficiency • Semi-conductors : • Depending on their nature, they allow some "solar" photons to extract electrons and to create an electric curent

  45. PV Energy Efficiency • Theoretical efficiency :

  46. PV Energy Efficiency • Practical efficiency : • The actual efficiency of the best commercial panels is around 15 % • Practically, the real efficiency is affected by : • Temperature influence • Mismatch (deviation from the optimal voltage) • Losses • … • The real efficiency is today 10 % • Surfacic production : • Assuming a location with 1000 kWh/m2 year (~ 3 kWH/m2d) • The productibility is around 100000 MWh/km2

  47. PV Energy The PV industry • The World PV Market : 40 % p.a.

  48. PV Energy The PV industry • The European PV Market :

  49. PV Energy PV Systems • Structure of a PV System : Isolated system Grid connected system

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