Fall 2010 Microbiology Assignment III Presentation

1. Hepatitis B Virus Jia Ying Liu Fall 2010 Microbiology Assignment III Presentation Novenber 25, 2010

2. had been recognized by physicians for centuries but no idea its cause until the 1940s when this disease came to suspect that a virus carried in human blood was responsible. • Intensive research confirmed to isolate the infectious agents that caused hepatitis A and hepatitis B in 80s. • Researchers continued found a protein that reacted extremely rarely with the antibodies, which is called antigen Aa. However, HBV still a mystery virus in human beings. • follow by, scientist found that there was a link between the antigen Aa and hepatitis, and significantly convinced that Aa was part of the virus that caused hepatitis B • In further continue discovery, scientist found an effective vaccine that subunits of the virus that could preventing deaths from liver cancer (BeyoundDiscovery). The history of Hepetitis B Virus

3. Disease Overview • Cased by both acute and chronic liver infections (HBV) • which infect to liver and hominodia (wikipedia) • Primary virus shape arrangement: spherical, and the • viral sequence in the integrated DNA are highly re- • - arranged indicated by the solid lines plotted along the • outside genetic map (Stannard & Millman) • A species of the genus Orthohepadnavirus (a part of • theHepadnaviridae family of viruses) (Hunt) • Gram staining: gram negative (Norton) Photo provided by CDC posted in Wikipedia • Double stranded DNA viruses, surrounded by a host • cell-derived envelope heat- and pH resistant, The nucleic acid • is enclosed in capsidstructure which is composed of • capsomeres(WHO) • Nutritional class: chemo-heterotrophic

4. Reservoir in liver and lead to liver inflammation • Can easily spread by direct contact with the blood or body fluids of an infected person • Sex active with infected people who are hepatitis B virus carriers (heterosexual / homosexual ) • Live with people who with hepatitis B virus in the same house • Has hemophilia • Illegal drugs injection • Travel often to the area that with hepatitis B patients in common • Share dairy life supplies with people who with hepatitis B virus HBV transmission

5. HBV transmission (cont’s) Graph provided by Dr. LohKeng Yin, IMU Clinical school

6. Estimated that 350 million individuals worldwide are infected with the virus, which causes 620,000 deaths worldwide each year (CDC).Especially in some Asian countries and Africa. • Approximately 46,000 new cases of hepatitis B occurred in the United States in 2006, from aged 25 to 44 (CDC). HBV epidemiology in worldwide

7. Appetite disorder • Tiredness • Abnormal pain in muscles, joints, or stomach • Diarrhea or vomiting • Jaundice (yellowing of the skin and whites of the eyes) HBV symptoms Photo source from www.istockphotos.com

8. Blood test: measure liver function and identify HBV antigens. The following table is about  sets of results from hepatitis B blood tests (MedicineNet): Hbv diagnoses

9. liver damage level by HBV “This damage can happen even before symptoms appear. However, not all patients progress to serious liver damage. About 15% to 40% of people with chronic hepatitis B develop serious liver disease including cirrhosis, liver failure, or even liver cancer” (FaceHep.org). *Photos and statement provided by FaceHepB.org

10. So far, there is no treatment can cure HBV. • But multifaceted approach is the most effective way to treat this disease recently: *Prevention - avoiding behaviors and situations that put a person at a high risk of catching hepatitis, and getting the hepatitis Bvaccination. Also, people who with HBV should prohibit from alcohol, supplement intake, over-counter-medications, or prescribed drugs without health professionals consulting, because these factors can cause the serious liver damage. • Most people with Hepatitis B will recover within weeks to months. For serious cases of Hepatitis B, which has lead to the rare complication of liver failure, and hospitalizations needed. HBV treatments

11. HBV infection Population & Regions *Graph cited from Norah Terrault, UCSF

12. CDC. "File:Hepatitis-B virions.jpg - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia." Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. N.p., n.d. Web. 26 Nov. 2010. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hepatitis-B_virions.jpg>. • FaceHepB. " FaceHepB - Potential Risks of Chronic Hepatitis B ." FaceHepB - Homepage . N.p., n.d. Web. 25 Nov. 2010. <http://www.facehepb.com/Potential-Risks-of-Chronic-Hepatitis-B.aspx>. • "Hepetitis B Virus." Doctors of Health Promotion and Education. N.p., n.d. Web. 25 Nov. 2010. <www.dhpe.org/infect/hepb.html>. • "Malaysian Family Physicians - Review Articles: Hepatitis B infection." Malaysian Family Physicians - eJournal. N.p., n.d. Web. 26 Nov. 2010. <http://www.e-mfp.org/v1n1/hepatitis_B_infection-printcopy.htm>. • MedicineNet.com. "Hepatitis B (HBV)." MedicineNet.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 25 Nov. 2010. <www.medicinenet.com/hepatitis_b/article.htm>. • Millman, Irving, Toby K. Eisenstein, and Baruch S. Blumberg. Hepatitis B: the virus, the disease, and the vaccine. New York: Plenum Press, 1984. Print. • Norton, Jeffrey A.. Essential practice of surgery basic science and clinical evidence. New York: Springer, 2003. Print. • Stannard, Linda M . "Hepatitis B Virus." University of Cape Town / Welcome. N.p., n.d. Web. 26 Nov. 2010. <http://web.uct.ac.za/depts/mmi/stannard/hepb.html>. • Terrault, Norah . "Hepatitis B - a knol by Norah Terrault." Knol - a unit of knowledge: share what you know, publish your expertise.. N.p., n.d. Web. 25 Nov. 2010. <http://knol.google.com/k/norah-terrault/hepatitis-b/1w026jckgcwg2/3#>. • "The Hepetits B Story." Beyonddiscovery.org. N.p., n.d. Web. 25 Nov. 2010. <www.beyonddiscovery.org/content/view.article.asp?a=265>. preferences

13. THANK YOU! HAPPY THANKSGIVING! MERRY CHRISTMAS! HAPPY NEW YEAR! NOV.25,2010