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Boating Skills & Seamanship

Boating Skills & Seamanship. Lesson 7 Inland Boating. Lesson Objectives. Nature and Navigation of Inland Waters Aids To Navigation (ATON) River Characteristics Waterway Maintenance Hazards & Challenges Locks & Locking Through Using River Charts. Types of Inland Waters.

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Boating Skills & Seamanship

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  1. Boating Skills & Seamanship Lesson 7 Inland Boating Approved by DC-E USCG AuxA, Inc

  2. Lesson Objectives • Nature and Navigation of Inland Waters • Aids To Navigation (ATON) • River Characteristics • Waterway Maintenance • Hazards & Challenges • Locks & Locking Through • Using River Charts

  3. Types of Inland Waters • Navigable Waterways “Roads” providing transportation between 2 or more states or into the sea such as - • Navigable rivers • Great Lakes • Intracoastal Waterway • Non-Navigable Waterways Lakes and other waters entirely within one state

  4. Inland Navigation Rules • In Force on Navigable Waterways • Federal equipment requirements apply • Followed on All Waterways • Collision avoidance • Lookouts • Lighting • Meeting, crossing & overtaking

  5. Inland ATONs • US Aids to Navigation System – Two Regional Variations • Western Rivers • Intracoastal Waterway (ICW) • Covered in Chapter 5 • Uniform State Waterways Marking System (USWMS) Now Merged Into USATON System

  6. Western Rivers ATONS • River Bank Names Looking Downstream • Right bank or right descending bank • Green passing (square) & crossing (diamond) daymarks • Left bank or left descending bank • Red passing (triangle) & crossing (diamond) daymarks

  7. Western Rivers ATONS • Passing Daymarks • Look like daymarks in Chapter 5 • Mark the side of the river the channel is on • You continue past the daymark • Back of the daymark may signal upcoming crossing daymark

  8. Western Rivers ATONS • Crossing Daymarks • Diamond shaped • Green or Red (old colors) • Green & white or red & white checkerboard (new colors) • Signal that channel changes banks • Head for the diamond on the opposite bank

  9. Western Rivers ATONS • River Buoys • Continuously added, removed, or moved • Do not have letters or numbers • Not usually shown on river charts

  10. Western Rivers ATONS • Mile Markers • Placards on daymarks or other location • Distance to mouth of river in statute miles • Except Ohio River - distance to headwaters • Help locate position on river chart

  11. Uniform State Waterways Marking System • The following slides detail changes to the USWMS as it merged with the US ATON system. • Following those slides are ones detailing USWMS pre-merger characteristics of the various aids. • For most boaters these are for historical reference only

  12. Uniform State Waterways Marking System • Effective July 20, 1998, the US Coast Guard commences a five year phased-in merger of the Uniform State Waterway Marking System with the United States Aids to Navigation System. This merger eliminates distinctions between the two systems and creates safer, less confusing waterways.

  13. Uniform State Waterways Marking System • Here are the changes that occurred by Dec. 2003. • USATONS regulatory markers now carry the same orange bands just above the water line and near the top as the USWMS system did. • The USWMS black port side channel markers were replaced with the green markers. • The meaning of a red and white vertically-striped buoy changes in the USWMS from "do not pass between the buoy and the nearest shore" to the USATONS meaning of "safewater all around."

  14. Uniform State Waterways Marking System • Continued • Obstructions currently marked with the USWMS red and white vertically-striped buoy will be replaced with either a red or green channel marker, if practicable, the USATONS black and red horizontally striped isolated danger marker, or a newly created USATONS black and white vertically-striped marker to indicate not to pass between the marker and the shore. • The USWMS white black-topped markers which mean "pass to north or east of buoy" and the white red-topped markers which mean "pass to south or west of buoy", will be replaced with USATONS red or green channel markers, the isolated danger mark, or the new black and white vertically-striped marker.

  15. Uniform State Waterways Marking System • Continued • USATONS which made no mention of lights on mooring buoys may now incorporate white lights of various rhythms. • Ownership identification on private or state aids to navigation is permitted so long as it does not change or hinder an understanding of the meaning of the aid to navigation.

  16. Uniform State Waterways Marking System • Three Types of Markers • Regulatory • ATONS • Mooring buoys

  17. Uniform State Waterways Marking System • Regulatory Markers - Non-Lateral • White signs or buoys • Signs have orange borders • Buoys have orange band • Four types • Boat exclusion • Danger • Controlled areas • Information or directions

  18. Danger Controlled Area Information Exclusion Area - Boats Keep Out Uniform State Waterways Marking System Regulatory Markers

  19. Uniform State Waterways Marking System • ATONs • Buoys • Two types • Lateral markers • Non-lateral markers

  20. Uniform State Waterways Marking System • Lateral Markers • Show lateral edges of channel • Normally occur in pairs • Solid black or red (Black is being replaced by green in many areas) • Numbered • May have reflectors or lights • Red right returning

  21. Uniform State Waterways Marking System • Non-Lateral Markers - Cardinal System • Mark safe passage areas • Three buoys • White buoy with red stripes • Do not pass between buoy and nearest shore • White buoy with black top • Pass to north or east • White buoy with red top • Pass to south or west

  22. USWMS ATONs BLACK&RED Usually in pairs Pass between these buoys (Note: black being replaced by green) PASS TO SPECIFIED DIRECTIONS OF THESE Do not pass between buoy and nearest shore Pass to South or West Pass to North or East

  23. USWMS Cardinal Mark Do not pass between buoy and closest shore This is being changed - for now be careful US Aid - Safe-Water Mark Spherical (ball-like) shape Indicates navigable water all around May be passed on either side Non Lateral Marks - Caution DO NOT CONFUSE THESE ATONS

  24. Inland Seamanship • Challenges include: • Changing water depths • Speed of currents • Flash flooding • Underwater hazards • Effect of high winds • Anchoring • Isolation

  25. River Currents • Can be quite strong • Are concentrated in the channel • Hinder movement upstream • Aid movement downstream • May run in different directions at different depths • Usually flow around outside of bends

  26. River Bends • Outside Bend • Water is deeper • Current usually flows faster • Inside Bend • Water is shallower & shoaling may occur • Current is slower • Differences can cause eddies & slack water

  27. Other River Challenges • Entering a current • Tows and other traffic • Debris & ice • Wing dams, dikes, and other devices • Dredges • Lowhead & High dams

  28. Maintaining Inland Waters • Responsibility of U.S. Corps of Engineers • Techniques include • Levees • Revetments • Dikes or wing dams • Dredging

  29. Dredging • Lights on dredge pipelines • Dredge lights and shapes OK to pass this side Do not pass this side OK to pass this side Do not pass this side Day Shapes Lights

  30. Lowhead Dams • Present on many rivers • Most dangerous for boaters • Efficient, self-operating drowning machines • Escape difficult if caught in “boil” • Swim under and downstream • Know where they are and avoid them

  31. Lowhead Dams

  32. Lowhead Dams • See the boil?

  33. Lowhead Dams • Looking Downstream

  34. Lowhead Dams • Same spot, a little to the right

  35. Lowhead Dams • Same spot, a little to the left

  36. Lowhead Dam Looking Downstream (Photo Courtesy CT DEP)

  37. Unsuspecting kayaker caught Result: Fatal Lowhead Dam Kayak (Photo Courtesy CT DEP)

  38. Lowhead Dam Looking Upstream (Photo Courtesy CT DEP)

  39. High Dams • Stay Out of Restricted Areas • Marked by signs, buoys and/or flashing lights • Upstream - strong undertows • Downstream - tailrace • Boils & backwash • Dam Gates • Wicket v. Tainter

  40. Locks • Operation • Priorities for Use • Commercial Traffic • Hazardous Cargo • Communications

  41. Lock Operation • 1999 PAF&BC

  42. Lock Operation

  43. Lock Operation • Upstream lock door RISES from floor

  44. Downstream doors swing or lift Watch for air BLAST as it opens Lock Operation

  45. Locking Through • Do Not Enter Without Appropriate Signal • Green light or prolonged blast • Follow Commands of Lockmaster • No Wake! • Wear PFD • Tie-Up to Appropriate Fitting • Tend Lines Carefully

  46. River Charts • Sources • NOAA (some) • U.S. Corp of Engineers (most) • Characteristics • NOAA - essentially the same as coastal charts

  47. River Charts • Characteristics - Non-NOAA Charts • Many show limited information • Principal geographic features • Channel & sailing line • Fixed ATONs • Mile markers • Navigation lights sometimes shown • Water depths and buoys rarely shown

  48. River Charts • Study River Charts Beforehand • Symbols may be different than those on coastal charts • North is rarely “up” • Note downstream direction

  49. Non NOAA River Chart

  50. NOAA River Chart Portion of NOAA Chart 12375 - CT River

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