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Introduction to computer Systems. Architecture of computer Systems. Suleyman Demirel University 2017. What Computer word mean?. The term ‘computer’ is derived from the Latin term ‘ computare ’, this means to calculate. History of Computer. Human calculations Mechanical tools
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Introduction to computer Systems. Architecture of computer Systems. SuleymanDemirel University 2017
What Computer word mean? • The term ‘computer’ is derived from the Latin term ‘computare’, this means to calculate.
History of Computer • Human calculations • Mechanical tools • Analog computer • Digital computer
Human calculations • Count by putting marks/signs. • Count by fingers. • Count by writing symbols on sand, tree, stone or paper. • Count in mind using knowledge of symbols.
Mechanical tools • Abacus • Punched cards • Mechanical Calculator
1st mechanical calculator invented by Blaise Pascal in the early 17th century
Analog Computer • An analog computer is a form of computer that uses the continuously-changed aspects of physical phenomena such as electrical, mechanical, or hydraulic quantities to model the problem being solved. • Hydraulics (From Greek: Υδραυλική) is a technology and applied science using engineering, chemistry, and other sciences involving the mechanical properties and use of liquids or fluids. At a very basic level, hydraulics is the liquid version of pneumatics.
Digital Computer • Digital Computers were developed between 1940 and 1945 in UK and USA. Digital Computers work by electricity and represent all data in binary system by 1 and 0.
What is binary system? • In mathematics and digital electronics, a binary number is a number expressed in the binary numeral system orbase-2 numeral system which represents numeric values using two different symbols: typically 0 (zero) and 1 (one). The base-2 system is a positional notation with a radix of 2. Because of its straightforward implementation in digital electronic circuitry using logic gates, the binary system is used internally by almost all modern computers and computer-based devices. Each digit is referred to as a bit.
History of binary system • Binary calculation has been found in: • Egypt, approximately 1200 BC • China, 9th BC • India, 2nd BC and in other cultures… • France, Gottfried Leibnizand the I Ching, 1703 • British mathematician George Boole , 1854
ENIAC • One of the first computers was ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer). ENIAC was announced in 1946, it was very big computer which took place of big room
What is a Computer? • Computer is electronic device which makes arithmetic and logical operations; it takes raw data as input from the user and processes these data under the control of programs and gives result (output). Input Process Output
Input/Process/Output Example: Input 25+25 Process 25+25=50 Output 50
Computer classification by size: Minicomputers Mainframe
Microcomputers • Microcomputers are the most common kind of computers in use as of 2014. The term “microcomputer” was introduced with the advent of systems based on single chip microprocessors. • Labtop • Notebook • Tablets • Smart phones, smart books • Programmable calculator
Minicomputers • Minicomputers (colloquially, minis) are a class of multi-user computers that lie in the middle range of the computing spectrum, in between the smallest mainframe computers and the largest single-user systems (microcomputers or personal computers)
Mainframe • The term mainframe computer was created to distinguish the traditional, large, institutional computer intended to service multiple users from the smaller, single user machines.
Supercomputer • A Supercomputer is focused on performing tasks involving intense numerical calculations such as weather forecasting, fluid dynamics, nuclear simulations, theoretical astrophysics, and complex scientific computations.
What is hardware? • All physical components of Computer
CD ROM • A CD-ROMisapre-pressed optical compact disc which contains data. The name is an acronym which stands for "Compact Disc Read-Only Memory". Computers can read CD-ROMs, but cannot write to CD-ROMs which are not writable or erasable.
Hard Disc Driver • A hard disk drive (HDD), hard disk, hard drive or fixed diskis a data storage device that uses magnetic storage to store and retrieve digital information using one or more rigid rapidly rotating disks (platters) coated with magnetic material. • Another name of HDD is Winchester.
Another name of HDD is Winchester • 1894, 30-30Winchester • Kenneth E. Haughton in 1973 produced HDD with the name 30-30. • Meaning of 30-30, HDD that had two modules by 30MB.
History of HDD • First Hard Disk Drive was introduced by IBM in 1956 • The first IBM drive, the 350 RAMAC, was approximately the size of two refrigerators and stored 5 million 6-bit characters (the equivalent of 3.75 million 8-bit bytes) on a stack of 50 discs.
HDD Technology • A hard disk drive records data by magnetizing a thin film of ferromagnetic material on a disk. • Disk consist of Aluminum or Glass or Ceramic • Ferromagnetic material on Disk is: 10–20 nm in depth • For reference, a standard piece of copy paper is: (70,000-180,000nm)
Characteristics of Modern HDD • Interface • Capacity • Dimension • Random Access Time • Spindle Speed • Reliability • G-shock rating • Transfer Rate
Interface • Hard disk drives are accessed over one of a number of bus types • BUS Types • ATA • SATA • SCSI • SASA • Fiber Chanel
ATA, IDE, PATA • AT Attachment • Integrated Drive Electronics • Parallel ATA • Max Bitrate: 133MB/s
SATA • Serial Advanced Technology Attachment • SATA v 1.0 – 1.5GB/s • SATA v 2.0 – 3GB/s • SATA v 3.0 – 6 GB/s
SCSI • Small Computer System Interface • Bitrate up to 640 MB/s
SAS • Serial Attached SCSI (SAS) • In 2012 estimated max Bitrate: 12GB/s
FireWire • IEEE 1394 (FireWire, i-Link) • Bitrate: 3.2GB/s
Fiber Channel • Bitrate: 21GB/s