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绝对时空观运动学 习题解答(部分)

1-1 , 1-2 , 1-3 , 1-4 , 1-5 , 1-6 , 1-8 , 1-9 , 1-10 , 1-11 , 1-12 , 1-14 ,. 绝对时空观运动学 习题解答(部分). Solution: (1) x = R cosωt y = R sinωt z = hωt /2π.

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绝对时空观运动学 习题解答(部分)

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  1. 1-1,1-2,1-3,1-4, 1-5,1-6,1-8,1-9, 1-10,1-11,1-12,1-14, 绝对时空观运动学习题解答(部分)

  2. Solution: (1) x = R cosωt y = R sinωt z = hωt /2π 1-1 一质点的运动方程为 r = R cosωt i+R sinωt j + hωt /2π k其中 R,h,ω都是大于零的常数,(1)用草图画出质点在空间运动的轨迹,它是一条什么曲线;(2)求任一时刻质点的速度、速率和加速度. x2 + y2 = R2 z = hωt /2π a helix curve ax = -ω2R cosωt ay = -ω2R sinωt az = 0 a = ω2R (2) vx = dx/dt = - ωR sinωt vy = dy/dt = ωR cosωt vz = hω/2π v = ω (R2 + h2/4π2) 1/2

  3. Solution:(1) position x = 3t2 - 2t3│t=2 = - 4 m velocity vx = dx/dt = 6t - 6t2│t=2 = - 12 m/s acceleration ax = dv/dt = 6 - 12t│t=2 = - 18 m/s2 1-2已知质点的运动方程为 x = 3t2 - 2t3 (SI),试求(1)第2秒未的位置、速度和加速度,(2)开头 2 秒内的位移和路程,平均速度和平均速率,以及平均加速度。 

  4. Displacement  x = x(2) - x(0) = ( 3×22 -2×23 )-( 3×02 - 2×03 ) = - 4 m let vx = 6t - 6t2 = 0, t1 = 0 s and t2 = 1 s Distance  s = | x(1) - x(0)| + | x(2) - x(1) | = 6 m Average velocity<vx> =  x /  t = - 4 / 2 = -2 m/s Average speed<v> =  s /  t = 6 / 2 = 3 m/s Average acceleration <ax> =  vx /  t = vx(2) - vx(0) =( - 12 - 0 ) / 2 = - 6 m/s2 (2)开头 2 秒内的位移和路程,平均速度和平均速率,以及平均加速度。

  5. Ans: (1) motion equation : x = 2t, y = 19 - 2t2 By eliminating t, we may obtain the trajectory equation:y = 19 - x 2/2 ( parabola ) (2) vx = dx/dt = 2 (m/s) vy = dy/dt = - 4t (m/s)  v = ( vx2 + vy2 ) 1/2 = 2( 1+ 4t2 ) 1/2 (m/s) 1-3 A particle is moving in the Oxy -plane according to the law r(t) = 2t i + (19 - 2t2 ) j ( SI ),Calculate (1) Trajectory equation; (2) v and v;(3) ax , ay , az and at , an;(4) the radius of curvature ρ。

  6. (3) In the rectangular coordinate system ax = dvx/dt = 0 (m/s2 ) ay = dvy/d t = - 4 (m/s2 ) In the Natural Coordinate Frame at = dv/dt = 8t/( 1 + 4t2 )1/2 (m/s2 ) an = ( a2 - at2 )1/2 = 4/(1 + 4t2 )1/2 (m/s2) (4) ρ= v 2/an = [2( 1 + 4t2 )1/2]2 .( 1 + 4t2 )1/2/4 = (1 + 4t2 )3/2 (m)

  7. 1 - 4一物体沿 x 轴运动,其加速度与位置的关系为 a = 2 + 6x,物体在 x = 0 处的速度为 10 m/s,求物体速度与位置的关系。 解:a = dv/dt = v dv/dx = 2+6x v dv = ( 2+6x ) dx vovv dv = ox ( 2+6x ) dx v2 / 2 - vo2 / 2 = 2x + 3x2 v2 = 6x2 + 4x + vo2 = 6x2 + 4x + 100 ( SI )

  8. 1-5一石子从空中静止下落,已知加速度 a = A - B v,式中 A、B 为常量,试求石子的速度随时间变化规律和运动方程。 解: a = dv/dt = A - B v dv /(A - B v) = dt vov dv /(A - B v) = ot dt ln( 1 - B v/A) = - B t 石子的速度随时间变化规律:v = A( 1 - e -B t ) / B 石子的运动方程:x = ot v dt = ot A( 1 - e -B t ) / B dt = A t / B + A( e -B t - 1 ) / B2

  9. 1-6一艘正在沿直线行驶的电艇,在发动机关闭后,其加速度方向与速度方向相反、大小与速率平方成正比,即 dv/dt = - k v2,式中 k 为常数,试求速度与路程之间的关系 (设发动机关闭时电艇速度为 vo )。 解:设 x 的原点为关闭发动机时的位置, dv/dt = v dv/dx = - kv2 整理得: dv/v = - k dx 两边积分: ∫vov dv/v = -∫o x k dx    得:ln(v/vo) = - k x 因此: v = voe - kx = voe - ks ( 路程为 s = x - 0 = x )

  10. 1-8已知一质点的加速度为时间函数,即 a = a(t),在 to 时刻速度为 vo,试求任一时刻 t 时质点的速度 v(t)。 解: a = dv/dt = a(t)  dv = a(t) dt  vov dv = tota(t) dt  v - vo = tota(t) dt  v(t) = vo + tota(t) dt

  11. 1-9已知一质点的加速度为位置矢量的函数,即 a = a (r)。如果质点在 ro处的速率为 vo,试求质点沿路径L到达 r处的速率。 解: a = dv/dt = a (r)  dv · dr/dt = a (r) · dr  v · dv = a (r) · dr v · dv = vx dvx + vydvy + vz dvz = (dvx2 + dvy2+ dvz2 ) / 2 = d( vx2 + vy2+ vz2 ) / 2 = d ( v2 )/ 2 = vdv  vovvdv = L:ro ra (r) · dr v2 / 2 - vo2 / 2 = L:ro ra (r) · dr

  12. 1-10一质点沿半径为 0.2 m的圆周运动,其角位移 θ 随时间 t 的变化规律是 θ= 1 + t2 (SI), 试求在 t = 2 s时, (1)质点的角速度ω和线速度 v ; (2)质点的角加速度β 、切向加速度 at 和法向加速度 an。 Solution: (1) ω = dθ/dt = 2t = 4 rad/s v = ωR = 4 ×0.2 = 0.8 m/s (2) β = dω/dt = 2 rad/s2 at = βR = 2× 0.2 = 0.4 m/s 2 an = ω2R = 42 × 0.2 = 3.2 m/s2

  13. 1-11一质点沿半径为 R 的圆周运动,在 t = 0 时经过 P 点,此后它的速率 v 按 v = A + B t (A、B 为正的已知常数)变化 , 试求质点沿圆周运动一周再经过 P 点时的切向加速度 at 和法向加速度 an。 解: 方法1: 切向加速度: at = dv/dt = B 质点作匀加速率运动: v 2 = v o 2 + 2a t s 根据题意: vo = A ,s = 2πR 因此:v2 = A2 + 2B ×2πR = A2 + 4πBR 法向加速度: an = v2/R = A2/R + 4πB

  14. 方法2: 角速度 ω= v / R = A /R + B t / R 角加速度β= dω/dt = B / R 质点作匀角加速度运动: ω 2 = ωo 2 + 2θβ 根据题意: ωo = A / R ,θ = 2π 因此:ω2 = A2/R2 + 2×2πB/R = A2 /R2 + 4πB / R 切向加速度: at = βR = B 法向加速度:an =ω2R = A2/R + 4πB

  15. 1-12 5m长的梯子斜靠在墙上,最初上端离地面为 4m。设以 2m/s 的速度匀速向下滑,求下端的运动方程和速度。 解:设某一时刻梯子的位置如图 由几何关系得:x2 =L 2 - y2 因为 A点匀速下滑,所以 y = yo -vot = 4 - 2t 故:x2 =L2 - y2 = 52 -(4 - 2t)2 (1)运动方程:x2 = 9 + 16t - 4t2 (SI) (2)两边对时间求导:2xdx/dt = 16 - 8t vx = dx/dt =(8 - 4t)/x =(8 - 4t)/(9 + 16t - 4t2)1/2 (SI) Y A y L B X O x

  16. 解:当 v1人对地 = 10 i 时v1风对人 = v1 j v风对地 = v1风对人 + v1人对地 = v1 j + 10 i =10 i + v1j ( 1) 当 v2人对地 =15 i 时 v2风对人 = -0.707v2 i + 0.707v2j v风对地 = v2风对人 + v2人对地 = - 0.707v2 i + 0.707v2j + 15 i = ( 15 - 0.707v2 )i + 0.707v2j (2) j v2风对人 v1风对人 45o i o 1-14 一人骑自行车向东而行,当速度为 10 m/s 时,觉得有南风 ;当速度增至 15 m/s ,觉得有东南风,求风的速度 v风对地 。

  17. (1)与(2)式相等: 10 i + v1j = ( 15 - 0.707v2 )i + 0.707v2j 分量相等: 10 =15 - 0.707v2 v2 =7.07 m/s v1 = 0.707v2 v1 = 0.707 7.07 = 5 m/s v风对地= 10 i + v1j = 10 i + 5 j m/s v风对地= ( 102 + 52 )1/2 = 11.2 m/s tg = 5/10 = 0.5  = 27o( 东偏北 ) j v2风对人 v1风对人 45o i o

  18. j vwg v1wr i o v1rg= 10 i j vwg v2wr 45o i o v2rg = 15 i Ans:while v1rg = 10 i , we have vwg = v1wr + v1rg while v2rg = 15 i , we have vwg = v2wr + v2rg 5 i vwg= 10 i + 5 j

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