Who freed the slaves? The slaves and/or Radical Republicans (1) or Lincoln (9)

1. Who freed the slaves?The slaves and/or Radical Republicans (1) or Lincoln (9) 1 3 7 9 5 I I I I I ________________________________________ Revisionists (liberal-radical) Moderate Traditional (Conservative) In-between Slaves Radical Republicans Lincoln

2. How did slavery end in America, and how important was Lincoln in this process? What affect did this process have on the Civil War? • Remember the Civil War started as a war over state’s rights and ended as a war to end slavery

4. I. Emancipation Proclamation When? • Issued September 22, 1862, yet took effect on January 1, 1863 • Lincoln waited to make an announcement until a major Union victory in order to not look desperate • Announced after the Union victory at Antietam

5. Only freed slaves in states that were rebelling against the Union • Lincoln did not want to offend the Border States Emancipation in 1863

6. The number of slaves declared free: Arkansas- 111,104 Alabama- 435,132 Florida- 61,753 Georgia- 462,232 Mississippi- 436,696 North Carolina- 331,081 South Carolina- 402,541 Texas- 180,682 Virginia (part held by rebels)- 450,437 Louisiana (parishes held by rebels)- 247,734 Total slaves declared free 3,119,397 Slaves exempted from the Proclamation: Delaware- 1,798 Kentucky- 225,490 Maryland- 87,188 Missouri- 114,465 Tennessee- 275,784 Louisiana (parishes reconquered)- 85,281 West Virginia and Eastern countries- 41,000 Total slaves excluded from freedom830,006

7. Harper's Weekly 09/06/1862 • “My paramount object in this struggle is to save the Union, and is not either to save orto destroy slavery. If I could save the Union without freeing any slave I would do it, and if I could save it by freeing all the slaves I would do it. And if I could save it by freeing some and leaving others alone, I would also do that. What I do about slavery and the colored race I do because I believe it helps to save this Union.” • Abraham Lincoln

8. If Lincoln would have done this earlier in the war, it would have been disastrous • It is only when the North was desperate enough did it resort to this measure • It was a military measure, not a moral law • Constitutional?- Lincoln was worried this act was unconstitutional and believed he derived the power to do this under his power as Commander and Chief of the Armed Forces

11. African-Americans in Civil War Battles • This document transformed the war into a fight to end slavery • After this, African Americans can fight in the war for the North • By the end of the war African Americans make up 10% of the Union Army

12. United States Colored Troops

13. People’s Reaction • This prevented Great Britain from allying with the Confederacy

15. Many in the North were upset- Democrats almost won control of Congress • Draft riots erupted later in the year in July of 1863 in NY City • Slaves were ecstatic and many migrated to the North

16. Episode 3? • Bottom Rail on Top, 1:00.00 • NYC Draft Riots

17. This destroyed the Southern home front and ability to wage war

18. II. 13th Amendment • Formally abolished slavery for all time • Lincoln and the Radical Republicans of Congress worked on this together • “If slavery is not wrong, then I do not know what is” -Lincoln • John Wilkes Booth assassinated Lincoln before the Congress ratified the amendment • Our American Cousin, Ford’s Theater

20. Photo of Seward's attacker Lewis Powell taken after his arrest. • Famous photographer Alexander Gardner snapped the picture and the picture has been colorized it causing internet fan girls to swoon.

21. Even when you’re the president, it can sometimes be hard getting people to hang out with you. That’s the trouble Abraham Lincoln had on April 14, 1865. If he could have foreseen the events of that night, he probably wouldn’t have wanted to go to the theater either. • The Lincolns were originally set to attend the theater with General and Mrs. Grant but the general had business in Philadelphia and was pulled away. There was some scrambling to fill the hole in the party but Clara Harris, daughter of a prominent New York family, and her fiancé Henry Reed Rathbone were eventually selected.  • It was Rathbone who was the first line of defense after John Wilkes Booth performed his deadly act. The young major jumped to attack Booth but the sinister assassin used his knife to slash the major’s left arm open from elbow to shoulder. Sorely hurt, Rathbone made another attempt to stop Booth but was shrugged off. The assassin jumped from the box and made an easy escape out the back of the theater. Back in the box, Rathbone crumpled to the ground, weak from blood-loss, and Clara Harris and Mary Todd Lincoln began to scream. • The other theater goers, first alerted to the trouble by Booth making his noisy escape, were thrown completely into chaos when they saw what was happening in the box. Clara Harris was fairly covered with her finance’s blood as she tried to stop the bleeding with a handkerchief. Mrs. Lincoln was inconsolable, mistaking the major’s blood for her husband’s. The screaming from the box extended to the rest of the theater and the ‘doctors in the house’ were located and rushed to the president’s side. • The end of Abraham Lincoln is well recorded; he breathed his last at 7:22 AM the next day, April 15, 1865 in a house across the way, surrounded by loved ones and prominent citizens. The continuing tale of Clara Harris and Major Henry Reed Rathbone, however, is less well-known. • Clara Harris and Major Henry Reed Rathbone (Photo Source: Chicagohistory.org)Harris and Rathbone married in 1867 and had a total of three children. Rathbone never got over the assassination and blamed himself, suffering “physical ailments, constant fears, and terrible delusions” that worsened over the years. Clara Harris longed to leave him, but it was socially unacceptable at this time to divorce or separate. • The family ended up in Europe, partly for Rathbone’s work and party so he could seek treatment from Europe’s spas and doctors. It was in 1883 in Germany that the events of 1865 caught up with the tormented family. In the early dark hours of December 23, Rathbone walked into his wife’s bedroom and, after a brief exchange about their children, shot his wife. He then turned a knife on himself, managing to stab himself six times before the servants made it to the room. In a sick replication of the Lincoln assassination, the gunshot victim died and Rathbone survived his knife wounds. Again. • Clara Harris Rathbone was interred in a German cemetery and Major Henry Reed Rathbone was institutionalized in a German asylum for the criminally insane and stayed there for the rest of his life, suffering terribly from paranoid delusions. He died and was buried next to his wife in 1911. In 1952, in accordance with the cemetery’s policy of unvisited graves, the couple’s bodies were exhumed and cremated. • That ends the tragedy of Clara and Henry Rathbone, but there’s more to the story. After all, Clara Harris could wash the blood from her body, but not from her dress. What happened to dress that was, in her words, “saturated literally with blood”? • Clara Harris couldn’t bear to get rid of it or destroy it and simply placed in the back of her closet, hoping to forget it. But in 1866, to the day a year after Lincoln’s assassination, Harris awoke in the night to the sound of low laughter emitting from the closet with the dress. Abraham Lincoln’s laughter. This story was repeated a year later by a guest staying in the room. Harris had the closet bricked in and the dress was closed off from the world, entombed but not forgotten. Later occupants of the house claimed to hear a gunshot on an anniversary of the assassination and see a blood-soaked young woman sobbing and standing with Lincoln. • In 1910, forty-five years after Lincoln’s death and one before Major Rathbone’s, Henry Riggs Rathbone, the son of Henry and Clara, sought to end what he felt was a curse on his family. He broke into the bricked closet and burned the dress to ashes. • The dress is gone but the memories live on. The assassination of Abraham Lincoln was a tragic turning point in history, affecting the live of everyone in attendance. Think about that next time you accept an invitation to hang out with friends, especially if one of your friends is the focal point of a massively violent civil war.

23. Father Abraham AN ACROSTICA‘race degraded looks to theeBound in fetters and disgrace.Redeem us now and set us freeAnd make of us a noble race.Has not one Father made us all,Are we not in the Savior's callMay we not lisp the sacred word,Lo! Behold my “works are good.I will set free a noble raceNo longer suffer ye disgrace,Come, embrace emancipationOnward! Onward! ! Form a nation.Let the world the news resound,No longer shall the free be bound.Reading August 30, 1864.

24. “The greatest measure of the 19th century was passed by corruption” -Stevens

25. Who freed the slaves?The slaves and/or Radical Republicans (1) or Lincoln (9)Write your name and a number on your post-it note. 1 3 7 9 5 I I I I I ________________________________________ Revisionists (liberal-radical) Self-Emancipation Thesis Moderate Traditional (Conservative) In-between Lincoln Slaves Radical Republicans

26. Debate: Find 3 outside sources on-line and read your assigned source (20 points) • Debate Participation (20 points) • Search terms: • self-emancipation thesis • radical republicans • 13th Amendment • Emancipation Proclamation • Lyman Trumbull • Salmon Chase • Zachariah Chandler • Watch the movie Lincoln