APUSH Unit 4 SOL NOTES

1. APUSH Unit 4 SOL NOTES BASIC INFO

2. Review Political Developments • After George Washington’s presidency ended in the late 1790s, the first political parties emerged: • The Federalists, led by Alexander Hamilton, believed in a strong national government and industrial economy and were supported by bankers and business interests in the Northeast. • The Democratic Republicans, led by Thomas Jefferson, believed in a weak national government and an agricultural economy. They were supported by farmers, artisans, and frontier settlers in the South.

3. Review Political Developments • The election of 1800, won by Thomas Jefferson, was the first American presidential election in which power was peacefully transferred from one party to another. • Key decisions by the Supreme Court under Chief Justice John Marshall of Virginia established the power of the federal courts to declare laws unconstitutional (“judicial review”—Marbury v. Madison) and prohibited the states from taxing agencies of the federal government (“the power to tax is the power to destroy”—McCulloch v. Maryland).

4. Federalist Judge John Marshall • NATIONAL Laws (FEDERAL) are more important and take precedence over state laws • Marbury v. Madison (judicial review) • Martin v. Hunter’s Lessee (SC = final appeal) • McCulloch v. Md= (“implied powers” exist; states can’t mess with a federal agency in their state) • Gibbons v. Ogden = Congress has right to regulate interstate commerce • See complete list AM VIS p. 242

5. Review War of 1812 and results • Causes: • problems at sea, maritime • Prevention of free trade • Offending our national pride • British plotting with the Indians • Impressment of sailors • Results: 1. Treaty of Ghent = “status quo ante bellum” • **During times of crisis, increased passion and emotion, leaders use powers to increase federal powers

6. More results after Treaty of Ghent in 1814 • 2. Industry increases (we were not trading with enemies) • 3. Isolationism • 4. Power of the Federalist Party goes down after the Hartford Convention • 5. Westward Migration begins • 6. War hero, General Andrew Jackson becomes popular

7. “Era of Good Feelings” • James Monroe is elected (another Virginian, Democratic-Republican) in 1812-1825 • The Federalist party is pretty much done, except with Supreme Court Chief Justice JOHN MARSHALL still on the bench • Domestic politics are fairly “tranquil”…that’s the only reason it was called the Era of “good feelings” in history…..life still sucked for plenty of people in America:

8. Groups of People for whom life sucked during the “Era of Good Feelings”: • 1. Slaves: more needed in South for agriculture, esp. cotton (Eli Whitney) • Slave codes: entrench the system of slavery and reinforced oppression and racism • Slave issue will deepen regional division and westward expansion

9. Groups of People for whom life sucked during the “Era of Good Feelings”: 2. Women: became more active in the SECOND Great Awakening, earned more respect and worked as teachers • Still pressing for a political voice (suffrage)

10. Groups of People for whom life sucked during the “Era of Good Feelings”: • 3. Indians: public opinion was pretty much one of two attitudes: • A. “Get rid of them” • B. “Get them the be more like US”: Christianize, civilize, and assimilate

11. Groups of People for whom life sucked during the “Era of Good Feelings”: • 4. Poor, landless white men: many states were slowly beginning to extend suffrage by lowering property requirements

12. The Monroe Doctrine (1823) • A series of revolutionsagainst colonial rule in Central and South America led Sec. of State John Q. Adams to recognize the new nations • MONROE DOCTRINE President James Monroe announced that: • the American continents “were closed” colonization by Europe • America would also stay out of European affairs

13. Expansion Of Suffrage • Electoral College: electors were chosen by caucus • Caucus system (small meetings of powerful political members of a certain party) • 1824, electors would be chosen by popular vote • Suffrage expanded between 1800 and 1830 to all white men who paid taxes

14. The Dem-Rep Candidates: 1824 • William Crawford • Treasury Sec. • From Georgia

15. The Dem-Rep Candidates: 1824 • Andrew Jackson • Military hero from Battle of New Orleans • Indian fighter • Very popular** esp. • From TN

16. The Dem-Rep Candidates: 1824 • John Quincy Adams • Son of former president John Adams • Sec. of State under Monroe • From MA

17. The Dem-Rep Candidates: 1824 • John C. Calhoun • Sec. of War under Monroe • Strong advocate of War 1812 • From South Carolina

18. The Dem-Rep Candidates: 1824 • Henry Clay • Speaker of the House • Created much of the Missouri Compromise • From Kentucky

19. Results of Election 1824 • Popular Vote = Andrew Jackson with 99 Electoral Votes • John Q. Adams = 84 Electoral Votes • Crawford = 41 Electoral Votes • Clay = 37 Electoral votes • Calhoun* saw election as “unwinnable” and ran for VP instead

20. House of Reps had to decide the election results • Clay did NOT want Jackson to win and supported Adams • Adams was a Federalist and had little support in Congress or in the public • Adams then named Clay Sec. of State • Jackson’s people were outraged, called the whole thing a “CORRUPT BARGAIN” • AJ’s supporters start campaigning for 1828

21. Ideological Differences • “Jackson’s people” like…… • “common man” • War hero status • Indian fighter • No-low educated • Hard working • “Adams’ People” are more… • “old fart” Federalists • Aristocratic, northern and snobby • Disliked by many • $$$$ types

22. End of an Era….1826 Former presidents John Adams and Thomas Jefferson BOTH die on July 4, 1826

23. America in Transition during John Quincy Adams’ administration • Changes are CULTURAL more than Political 1. Religion: Second Great Awakening sparks a revival of religious fervor, lots of NEW churches are established • Baptist, Methodist, Presbyterian • Popularity grew from enthusiastic, evangelical preaching and big tent type spectacles…lots of conversions • More religious enthusiasm required lots of organizational work….taken on by WOMEN • Educators/teachers • Social work before it was called “social work” • These activities raised their status in society

24. America in Transition during John Quincy Adams’ administration • 2. Industrial Revolution takes off : • Boycotts during War of 1812 sparked domestic manufacturing • Rise of the factory system (LOWELL Massachusetts..places near water) • Increase in standard of living • Urbanization (both good and bad come with that)

25. Industrial Development • Concentrated in the North for manufacturing (Where $$$$$ are) • South remains largely agricultural • Infrastructure: roads, canals, railroads expand trade and connect the country

26. Other Developments • Eli Whitney’s invention of the cotton gin led to the spread of the slavery-based “cotton kingdom” in the Deep South…….WHY??

27. Issue over Expansion of Slavery will continue…….

28. Election 1828 reveals new “democratic spirit” “The aristocrat” “The common man”

29. Jackson’s Democratic supporters • Westerners who support expansion • Southern farmers who want HIGH TARIFFS • Slave Holders and States Rights advocates • Indian haters • Northerners who want rich industrialists held in check

30. John Quincy Adams’ Supporters • Old aristocratic Federalist types • Educated Elites • Bankers and Super Rich industrialists • ??? • ??? • ??? • ???

31. Andrew Jackson becomes POTUS #7

32. Jacksonian Era • Presidential veto: Power granted to the President to prevent passage of legislation • “Spoils System”: A practice of using public offices to benefit members of the victorious party

33. “Jacksonian Democracy” • Bank of the United States (B.U.S.) • AJ saw it as UNDEMOCRATIC • “tool of the rich, Eastern, elites” • Vetoed it in 1832 • BANK becomes key issue in that election VETOED

35. Jacksonian Era Bank of the United States • . • Jackson’s re-election brought an end to the bank • Pulled government $$$$$ from it and put them in state banks • …and caused a MAJOR economic depression, resulting in the Panic of 1837.

36. Nullification Crisis 1832 • Nullification : idea that states have the right to reject federal laws they consider to be unjust/unconstitutional (states’ rights issue) • **Issue is over a TARIFF (that seemed to only benefit the rich, industrial NORTH and hurt the poor, agricultural SOUTH ***Slavery issue : 56% of South Carolina’s population were slaves

38. SC passes “nullification resolution” • Calhoun resigns as VP • Jackson sends Federal troops to force SC into compliance and puts navy vessels in Charleston harbor • “FEDERAL power is asserted over State power”

39. Manifest Destiny • The belief that it was America’s “Manifest Destiny” to stretch from Atlantic to Pacific provided political support for territorial expansion. • Indian Removal Act (1830) Under Jackson, made $$$ available to relocate Indians and made room for western settlement west of the Mississippi River • Results: • Removed Indian protection with federal troops • No reaction from Pres/gov’t when states did bad things to Indians • **IGNORED Supreme Court rulings that favored Indian tribes • Allowed the infamous Trail of Tears to happen

40. Trail of Tears, 1838 • Thousands of Cherokee Indians were put on a forced march to Oklahoma • 2,000 died in camps • Another 2,000 died along the way of starvation, disease & exposure

41. Manifest Destiny and the American West • Territorial Expansion • Considered a “divine” mission • Spread democracy and “CHRISTIAN VALUES” • Cultural superiority?

42. What made westward movement POSSIBLE? • Transportation advancements: canals, roads, railroads • Cotton Gin • Need for arable land • Need for slaves • Political divide over slavery

43. “The American West” • Trails West were led by “Mountain Men”, • Hard life • Rendezvous • Frequent disasters ( Donner Party, Indian attacks)

44. Texas/Mexico/California

45. Texas/Mexico/California • Mexico wins independence and land from Spain • Can’t get Mexicans to move to California • Invites Americans to move to Texas area • Generous Land Grants to EMPRESARIOS attract settlers and lead to war

46. Texas/Mexico/California • EMPRESARIOS: people who got land grants and promised to populate that land with settlers who would agree to: • Become citizens of Mexico • Adopt Mexican lifestyle • Become Catholic • Speak Spanish • Appreciate culture, food, attitudes, etc.

47. Texas/Mexico/California • Settlers meet and choose STEVE AUSTIN as main negotiator • President Santa Anna declares himself dictator of Mexico • Austin prepares for war…SAM HOUSTON takes command of untrained troops • At the Spanish Mission called The Alamo….

48. The “Alamo”

49. The Alamo and Goliad 1836 • About 180 rebels under Lt. Col. Wm Travis • 13 day standoff • March 6, 1836 Santa Anna’s forced stormed the Alamo and killed all the rebels • At Goliad, over 300 men were executed after surrendering • Sam Houston makes a surprise afternoon attack on napping soldiers

50. Texas Wins Independence! • Texas wins and becomes a republic • Texans elect Sam Houston as first president • Also vote for ANNEXATION to join the United States • Jackson is worried about slave issue and waits until his last day in office to recognize TX as an independent nation