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Neural transmission

Explore the intricate world of neurons and their transmission in this informative article. Discover the historical perspective, different types of neurons, and the electro-chemical processes behind neuronal communication.

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Neural transmission

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  1. Neural transmission

  2. Beauty in the nervous system?

  3. The Neuron is the Fundamental “working unit” of the nervous system

  4. In most respects the neuron is like other cells of our body

  5. But is different in that it can produce electrical impulses near its cell body region

  6. That move down the axon and lead to the release of specialized neurochemicals (neurotransmitter substances) at the Synapse

  7. Synaptic release of Neurotransmitter substances may in turn affect “postsynaptic” neurons; mostly in the dendritic regions

  8. Historical perspective:The “Reticular Theory • The nervous system was thought to be a continuous network of fibers…no individual cells

  9. The “Golgi stain” helped us to visualize individual neurons

  10. And led to: The Neuron Theory

  11. There are many types of neurons:Some common types of neurons

  12. This is our “Model Neuron”

  13. The Neuron is also different in that the axon is typically myelinated by “glial cells”

  14. The Shwann cell

  15. Oligodendrocytes ( a member of the glia family)

  16. There are many types of glial cells: all are thought to primarily provide support functions

  17. The Neuronal communication process can be thought of as an “electro-chemical” event • How is the electric signal produced? • How is the Chemical event produced?

  18. The Neuron is Like a little battery

  19. We use an Oscilloscope to visualize electric charge

  20. The resting Membrane potential (RMP)

  21. Ions are responsible for the charge of a neuron Cations + Anions-

  22. At Rest, ionic substances have different concentrations inside vs. outside the neural membrane

  23. Passive vs Dynamic neural responses

  24. Hyperpolarization and Depolarization • Hyperpolarization- makes the RMP more negative • Depolarization-makes the RMP more positive

  25. What is special about “threshold?”

  26. The forces of Diffusion: Concentration Gradients

  27. The forces of Diffusionacross a semi-permeable membrane

  28. Diffusion also occurs across electrostatic gradients

  29. The neural membrane is a semi-permeable membrane

  30. The Neurons membrane separates the different ions

  31. The membrane controls diffusion

  32. By opening or closingIon channels

  33. If ion channels are open; diffusion across concentration and electrostatic gradients will occur

  34. Triggering the release of RMP energy • How does threshold depolarization trigger a dynamic response? • Changes membrane permeability • Activating/opening ion channels • -”Voltage-gated” Na+ ion channels • Open only when a critical level of depol occurs • Other ion channels then become involved

  35. Refractory period

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