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Module 7

Module 7. Priority Setting and Winning Products. Module 7 Priority Setting &Winning Products. Eco Priority Guides Internal Wall Facings Renewable Energy Systems New Generation HVAC High Performance Glazing External Shading Devices Internal Glare Control.

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Module 7

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  1. Module 7 Priority Setting and Winning Products

  2. Module 7Priority Setting &Winning Products Eco Priority Guides • Internal Wall Facings • Renewable Energy Systems • New Generation HVAC • High Performance Glazing • External Shading Devices • Internal Glare Control

  3. Module 7Priority Setting &Winning Products Eco Priority Guides • Show the Important issues about categories of materials that provide alternatives for specific building elements • The Tables show the most important top 3-4 issues for each product or material option in each category

  4. Internal wall facings

  5. Module 7Priority Setting &Winning Products Eco Priorities - Internal Wall Facings

  6. Module 7Priority Setting &Winning Products Eco Priorities - Internal Wall Facings Health impacts from internal lining materials? Most internal lining boards are relatively benign • Laminates including compact laminate and interior grade plywood generally have an E1 formaldehyde emission – carcinogenic (IARC) • Some materials when being cut (FC, brick) can create crystalline silica dust. - carcinogenic (IARC) • Prefinished wet area linings or feature wall linings might use solvent based epoxy or polyurethane coatings- (VOCs) can be toxic over long periods

  7. Module 7Priority Setting &Winning Products Eco Priorities - Internal Wall Facings

  8. Renewable energy systems

  9. Module 7Priority Setting &Winning Products Eco Priorities: Renewable Energy Generation

  10. Module 7Priority Setting &Winning Products Eco Priorities: Renewable Energy Generation How do I tell the efficiency of renewable energy system? • Energy Payback Period • Efficiency – cell VS system • Renewable Energy Certificates • Financial Payback

  11. Module 7Priority Setting &Winning Products Eco priorities: Renewable Energy Generation What are the main renewable energy generation systems suitable for general use? Photovoltaic (PV) • crystalline silicon and • thin-film • Amorphous Silicon (a-Si) • Copper Indium Diselenide (CIS) • Cadmium Telluride (CdTe) • Gallium Arsenide (GaAs) • Heterojunction with Intrinsic Thin Layer (HIT) Doubles • Dye Solar Cell (DSC, 3rd Generation PVs)

  12. Module 7Priority Setting &Winning Products Eco priorities: Renewable Energy Generation Crystalline Si basics: • 4-year energy payback period  -  This payback time may be reduced if the module frame is made of recycled aluminium (e.g. GJ James) • Highly temperature-sensitive • Typical monocrystalline cell efficiency = 15 – 17% • Typical multicrystalline cell efficiency = 13 – 15% • 10-20 year financial payment depending on PVRP and overshadowing etc Australian Manufacturer Examples: BP Solar, Origin Energy

  13. Module 7Priority Setting &Winning Products Eco priorities: Renewable Energy Generation Amorphous Silicon (a-Si) basics: • Payback period similar to other thin-film technologies = 2 years. • Suffers serious degradation due to light exposure. (This levels off at about a 20% decrease in efficiency) • Typical cell efficiency = 5 – 8% • 10-20 year financial payment depending on PVRP and overshadowing etc

  14. Module 7Priority Setting &Winning Products Eco priorities: Renewable Energy Generation Copper Indium Diselenide (CIS) polycrystalline thin-film basics: • Energy Payback period of Module = 2.0 yrs • Energy Payback period of Module & frame = 2.7 yrs • Typical module efficiency = 8 – 10%     • Max. cell efficiency = 18.8% • 10-20 year financial payment depending on PVRP and overshadowing etc

  15. Module 7Priority Setting &Winning Products Eco priorities: Renewable Energy Generation Cadmium Telluride (CdTe) prominent polycrystalline thin-film basics: • Energy Payback period of Module = 0.9 yrs • Energy Payback period of Module with Frame = 1.9 yrs • Typical module efficiency = 6 – 8% • Max cell efficiency = 16% • 10-20 year financial payment depending on PVRP and overshadowing etc

  16. Module 7Priority Setting &Winning Products Eco priorities: Renewable Energy Generation • Gallium Arsenide (GaAs) monocrystalline thin-film material basics: • Record for highest ever cell efficiency = 34% • One of the most expensive cells per unit area, roughly US $40/cm2 • 10-20+ year financial payment depending on PVRP and overshadowing etc

  17. Module 7Priority Setting &Winning Products Eco priorities: Renewable Energy Generation Heterojunction with Intrinsic Thin Layer (HIT) Doubles bifacial effectbasics: • HIT Double 190W module efficiency = 15.7% • Cell efficiency = 18.8%* • HIT Standard 205W module efficiency = 17.4%. • Cell efficiency = 20.2%* • 10-20+ year financial payment depending on PVRP and overshadowing etc

  18. Module 7Priority Setting &Winning Products Eco priorities: Renewable Energy Generation Dye Solar Cell (DSC, 3rd Generation PVs) photosynthetic dyed cell basics: • Cell efficiency = 9-10% • Module efficiency = 5-7% • Energy payback period = 0.31 year • ? year financial payment depending on PVRP and overshadowing etc • Dye based on Ruthenium metal

  19. Module 7Priority Setting &Winning Products Eco priorities: Renewable Energy Generation Peak Metal Indium gallium arsenide the basis of GaAs PVs: ‘reserves would not allow a substantial contribution of these cells" to the future supply of solar electricity. Gallium and indium will probably contribute to less than 1 per cent of all future solar cells - a limitation imposed purely by a lack of raw material…… calculations don't take into account any increase in demand due to new technologies, and also assume that current production equals consumption. Without more recycling, indium will run out in under five…. Its impending scarcity could already be reflected in its price: in January 2003 the metal sold for around $60 per kilogram; by August 2006 the price had shot up to over $1000 per kilogram.

  20. Module 7Priority Setting &Winning Products Eco priorities: Renewable Energy Generation Peak Metal (cont’d) Ruthenium –one of the rarest metals on the world. World production is 12 tonnes per year and reserves are estimated to be around 5000 tonnes.5

  21. Module 7Priority Setting &Winning Products Eco priorities: Renewable Energy Generation Rare Metal Toxicity Indium: small doses it is said to stimulate the metabolism - highly toxic damaging the heart, kidney, and liver, and may be teratogenic. Gallium: natural element found in the body, not harmful - has been handled many times only for the simple pleasure of watching it melt by the heat emitted from a human hand.

  22. Module 7Priority Setting & Winning Products Eco priorities: Renewable Energy Generation Rare Metal Toxicity Tellurium: compounds teratogenic and can be absorbed by inhalation of its aerosol - irritates the eyes and respiratory tract, effects the liver and central nervous system, abdominal pain, constipation, vomiting. Upon heating, toxic fumes are formed.

  23. Module 7Priority Setting & Winning Products Eco priorities: Renewable Energy Generation Rare Metal Toxicity Cadmium if breathed in can severely damage the lungs possibly causing death, ingested accumulates in kidneys, damaging filtering mechanisms. Other health effects:- Diarrhoea, stomach pains and severe vomiting- Bone fracture- Reproductive failure and possibly even infertility- Damage to the central nervous system- Damage to the immune system- Psychological disorders- Possibly DNA damage or cancer development

  24. Module 7Priority Setting & Winning Products Eco priorities: Renewable Energy Generation Rare Metal Toxicity Ruthenium compounds should be regarded as highly toxic and as carcinogenic. Compounds of ruthenium stain the skin very strongly, ingested ruthenium is retained strongly in bones. Ruthenium oxide, RuO4, is highly toxic and volatile, and to be avoided.

  25. Module 7Priority Setting & Winning Products Eco priorities: Renewable Energy Generation Wind Power Fastest growing energy technology in the world, having an average growth rate of about 30% p.a. At the end of 2002 world installed wind power capacity reached about 32,000 megawatts (MW), of which Australia’s share was a modest 104 MW. Australian potential to install 10,000 to 20,000 MW of base-load, wind power capacity in the long term. Current total Australian electricity generating capacity is about 45,000 MW of which about 28,000 MW is coal-fired.

  26. Module 7Priority Setting & Winning Products Eco priorities: Renewable Energy Generation Wind Power 1.3 MW: 62 m blade diameter, 45 - 68 m hub height 2.3 MW: 82 - 93 m blade diameter 70 - 80 m hub height 3.6 MW: 107 m blade diameter 80 - 100 m hub height Australian based supplier example: Seimens Wind Power

  27. Module 7Priority Setting & Winning Products Eco priorities: Renewable Energy Generation Wind Power Stand alone system with 4.5m tower and rigging plus mounting and installation: 200W = AUD$479 Grid interactive and battery backup systems plus mounting and installation: 1kW = AUD$8500 3kW = AUD$20,000

  28. Module 7Priority Setting & Winning Products Eco priorities: Renewable Energy Generation Wind Power Features to consider when assessing a wind power generator include: • Rated output at specific wind speeds • Matching of rated output to local wind Whether it self governs in high winds • Noise generation • Construction and sealing technology- e.g ‘marine grade seals and construction’ • Loads imposed on nearby structures

  29. Module 7Priority Setting & Winning Products Eco priorities: Renewable Energy Generation Wind Power: new forms aeroturbine (US)

  30. Module 7Priority Setting & Winning Products Free space heating Free hot water Carbon dioxide cycle modified Rankine cycle Engine (closed thermodynamic loop engine) Evacuated Tube Concentrating Plate Solar Collectors 3m2/kW Domestic power + export to grid Free space cooling Free refrigeration &/ or freezer energy Renewable Energy Sources: Solar Thermal Co2 Trigeneration- Cold, Heat and Power System

  31. Module 7Priority Setting & Winning Products Renewable Energy Sources Does the Building Codes of Australia regulate Energy Supply? • Section, 3.12 does not regulate or impact renewable energy generation except in NSW under BASIX • QLD Development Code- 1 Star credit for NatHERS performance, also some local Governments in Victoria and WA allow trade offs • Section J, DTS provisions do not include provisions relating to renewable energy generation. • Section J, Performance Verification pathway Specification JV Part 2(e) - 50% offset for any onsite renewable energy generated

  32. New generation HVAC

  33. Module 7Priority Setting & Winning Products New Generation HVAC Systems • Space heating, ventilation and cooling (HVAC) system energy accounts for 63 percent of the commercial and in 1999 49% of the residential sectors • 2006 survey by BisShrapnell: ‘Nationally, 59 per cent of new Air Conditioning units are installed into existing dwellings or to replace old units, (while) the incidence rate for new dwellings is 66 per cent expected to rise to 77 per cent by 2007. This is double the incidence of air conditioning in 2001’

  34. Module 7Priority Setting & Winning Products New Generation HVAC Systems

  35. Module 7Priority Setting & Winning Products New Generation HVAC Systems How do I tell the efficiency of an HVAC system? • Larger chiller based systems - COP and IPLV • Residential and small commercial systems -MEPs 6 star scale, • small machines can perform well • larger machines have lower COP. • COP can be calculated from the MEPS website by dividing the cooling or heating output by the energy input for the relevant cycle. • Site also gives 10 year energy cost as a metric that can be used to compared like sized systems.

  36. Module 7Priority Setting & Winning Products New Generation HVAC Systems What are the new generation systems? Heat & Energy Recovery – Ventilation & HVAC • Australian product: Air Change Pty Ltd • Australian Supplier: Air2Energy Pty Ltd Source: Air2 Energy

  37. Module 7Priority Setting & Winning Products New Generation HVAC Systems Absorption chillers: • produces a cooling water temperature of 8-10 °C using water only as the coolant (0 ODP and 0 GWP). • A back-up gas boiler is required as an alternative energy source in times of low sunlight. • The solar collectors supply the chiller with hot water at a temperature of 70-75 °C • Chiller COP = 0.6. • Manufacturer examples: York, Trane, Carrier, Goldstar, Mitsubishi, and Thermax. • Systems suitable for loads between 1.5kW -4500kW.

  38. Module 7Priority Setting & Winning Products Absorption Chillers – LiBr/Water - gas, biogas, waste heat or solar e.g. Climasol Solar thermal power source • Micro Turbine • Bio gas, • Landfill gas • e.g. Capstone New Generation HVAC Systems

  39. Module 7Priority Setting & Winning Products High Quality Filtration Heat & Energy Recovery – Ventilation & HVAC • Australian product: • Air Change Pty Ltd • 100% fresh air • Pleated mechanical filter • Australian Supplier: • Air2Energy Pty Ltd Venmar (UK) • 100% fresh air • Electronic filter to < 0.5 micron • Source: Air2 Energy New Generation HVAC Systems

  40. Module 7Priority Setting & Winning Products New Generation HVAC Systems High Quality Filtration: Electronic 95% < 0.01micron

  41. Module 7Priority Setting & Winning Products New Generation HVAC Systems New Generation Commercial Chillers • Infinitely variable speed chillers • Friction-free, oil-fee, Turbocor magnetic levitation bearings • hybrid evaporative refrigerated or air cooled refrigerated heat rejection • IPLV amongst the highest in the market, • Often single machine can often be used in place of several older style • Soft start technology motors minimise large start up loads • COP of systems regulated by the Building Code • Manufacturer examples: PowerPax and McQuade. • Systems such as these are suitable for loads between 200-800kW

  42. Module 7Priority Setting & Winning Products New Generation HVAC Systems Direct gas engine drive HVAC • the electricity price is high compared to the gas price; • there is a use for the waste heat generated from the cooling water and exhaust systems of the gas engine; and • local electricity connection costs are high • At SIT - 150 tonne chiller uses a York open drive chiller driven by a Caterpillar 3306 gas engine to provide air conditioning. This unit is used with electric chiller plant to minimise electrical demand during summer periods. Manufacturer examples: Thermo King - 0.5 to 15 tonne units; Technochill - screw -125 to 175 tonne - centrifugal - 250 tonne

  43. Module 7Priority Setting & Winning Products New Generation HVAC Systems Desiccant Dehumidification HVAC • Example Szencorp 40 Albert 6 Green Star Retrofit

  44. Module 7Priority Setting & Winning Products New Generation HVAC Systems Heat Pump Systems • COP of small to medium sized heat pumps generally in range 2.5-3.0:1 • Ground source heat pumps increase 4.0:1 • Highly dependent on ground and subsoil water conditions

  45. Module 7Priority Setting & Winning Products New Generation HVAC Systems Alternative Cooling Towers • 3C Alternative Cooling Tower- hybrid evaporative approach to adiabatic heat rejection by combining water and air cooling heat exchanger technologies. • Provides cooling • from 69 kW to 822 kW Manufacturer example: Muller

  46. Module 7Priority Setting & Winning Products New Generation HVAC Systems Alternative Cooling Towers Dricon Alternative Air-cooled Condensor- further hybrid integration of the 3C Cooler system, with refrigerant based air cooled condensor cooling system. Either Freon or Ammonia available • Ammonia (0 ODP, 0 GWP) • heat rejection 403 kW to 785 kW • Freon • heat rejection 93 kW to 924 kW

  47. Module 7Priority Setting & Winning Products New Generation HVAC Systems Residential Systems Many features of large commercial chillers now in residential market: • variable volume refrigerant systems and variable speed compressors • soft start motors and noise reduction systems. • Full digital integrated control of multi-zone systems with smart programming, • combined with digital screw compressors • Typical COPs 2.5-10.00kW up to 5.0. (MEPS 5-6 Star) 10.00-20.00+kW 3.2-3.5 (MEPS 4-5 Star) Manufacturer examples 2.5-10.00kW: Toshiba, Mitsubishi, Panasonic, Fujitsu Manufacturer examples 10.00-20.00kW: Actron Air and Mitsbishi

  48. Module 7Priority Setting & Winning Products New Generation HVAC Systems What are impacts of different Refrigerants? HC Propane R-290, n-butane, Isobutane R-600a - approx 10 HFC R-134a 1600 HFC R-407C 1984 HFC R-410A 2340 HFC R-404A 3260 HFC R-507 3300

  49. Module 7Priority Setting & Winning Products Climasol Absorption Chillers – LiBr/Water - gas, biogas, waste heat or solar Leibherr – R600a Hydrocarbon Refrigerator- 6 Stars – 0 GWP – 0 ODP Miele K 8952 SD– R600a Refrigerator- 6 Stars – 0 GWP – 0 ODP New Generation HVAC Systems

  50. Module 7Priority Setting & Winning Products New Generation HVAC Systems Building Code of Australia & HVAC Section, 3.12.5.2: requires minimum insulation levels to heating and cooling ductwork. Section J: DTS provisions include: • specific controls • outdoor economy cycles in certain circumstances • regulates fan motor power to air flow ratios in some systems • time switches • minimum insulation levels to piping, heat exchangers, tanks and vessels • minimum energy efficiency ratios (described in Guide as COP) • Motor shaft power for air cooled condenser fans, motors etc

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