Unit 3 Review and RECAP

1. Unit 3 Review and RECAP Human Geography

2. Definition Terms • Culture- People’s way of life; includes aspects such as language, religion, art, technology, government and customs/traditions • Customs- Things that people usually do, such as how they dress, food, celebrations, holidays and turning points of life such as birthdays, marriages, babies and death • Roles- Based on rules for the proper behavior in certain situations and positions. Ex: mothers, women, men • Institutions- Organizations developed to make social roles clear. Ex: Families, Schools and Government

3. Major Religions • Animism- Things in nature having own spirit • Hinduism- Principles of life can be discovered through meditation; many gods, caste systems via karma, reincarnation. Found in India and Nepal, polytheistic • Buddhism- Began in Nepal by Prince Guatama (Buddha- Enlightened One), 8-Fold Path, Nirvana • Judaism- Oldest monotheistic religion, Moses presents the 10 Commandments, first 5 books known as Torah • Christianity- based on teachings of Jesus, belief in New Testament; 3 sects- Orthodox, Catholics and Protestants • Islam- Muslim is one who practices the faith, God known as Allah, hold book is Quran, 5 Pillars of faith- Confession, Prayer, Charity (alms), Fasting and Pilgrimage • Sikhism- combination of Hindu and Muslim beliefs, belief in one god and also in reincarnation. Does not believe in caste systems, do not cut hair and wear turbans

4. Guess the Religion

5. How People Live Together • Countryside living • Homes are made up of small huts • Simple cottages • Workers are often farmers, livestock herders or village craftsmen • Communication is only in the immediate area • Traditional ways • Large cities • Advanced levels of technology • Infrastructure- roads, bridges, buildings, sewage systems, electricity, Internet • More opportunities Rural Urban

6. Social Structure (Social Class) • Upper Class- Earns/inherit wealth, owns large amounts of property, rich, may serve in top leadership roles • Middle Class- Educated/successful people (managers, professionals, shopkeepers) • Working Class- Manual workers (factories, mining or transportation) • Peasants- Farm workers, subsistence work (immediate needs). Little education and experience • Lower Class- Uneducated an unskilled. Most people in this class take the least desirable and worst paying jobs

7. Class Structure

8. Multicultural Societies • Ethnic group- Group of people with common ancestry and culture, often based on language and religion; 2 types of societies… • Homogeneous society- Ex: Saudi Arabia (same ethnic group, traditions and religion) • Multicultural (Heterogeneous) society- (containing a mix of people, Ex: America) • Minority- Not part of the majority • Can suffer from prejudice, discrimination/exclusion, expulsion and genocide)

9. Societies • Saudi Arabia • United States Homogeneous Heterogeneous

10. Questions for Thought: • What is culture and what are some aspects of it? • What is monotheism? What is polytheism? Give an example of each • What are some major differences rural and urban living? • ________ - immediate needs/for the family • What type of society is the US and why?

11. Important Ideas • The characteristics of a place include its cultural, economic and social elements • Cultural region- Region with people who share common cultural characteristics such as language, religion, food, customs, etc… • Geographers recognize several major cultural regions in the world today • Middle East, Latin America, North America, Europe, Russia, Sub-Saharan Africa, China, Japan, South Asia and Southeast Asia

12. Types of Regions • Formal- Has clear and definite boundaries. It is also defined by at least one common human or physical characteristic • Ex: government, states/countries • Functional- Organized around a focal point, crossing and spreading out to serve needs • Ex: city/metropolitan area or river basin area • Perceptual- Based on people’s attitudes and emotions about a place; does not physically exists • Ex: The South, The Big Apple(NY) or Middle East

13. North America • Canada and the US are often considered part of the same cultural region • Both speak English • Majority Christian • Home to early Natives • Ruled once by England • Democratic elected governments • Mexico is sometimes drawn as part of NA on some maps

14. Latin America • Everything south of the US • 4 main areas: Mexico, Central America, the West Indies (Caribbean) and South America • Named Latin America because it was colonized by the Spanish and Portuguese • Majority of people are a mix of Native and European descent • Speaks Spanish or Portuguese • Catholic

15. Europe • Greeks, Romans early civilizations • Majority Christian • Involved in both World Wars • First Industrial Revolution • Arts/Renaissance • EU (European Union) • Nations united (like the US)

16. Russia • Largest country in land area • Extends from northern Europe into Asia • World’s 1st communist country • Because of climate, Russia has avoided conquer • Napolean (France) • Hitler (Germany)

17. North Africa • Sahara Desert major physical feature • Egyptian most popular civilization • Colonized by Europeans (Scramble for Africa) • Today, the area is mainly Arab descent practicing Islam

18. Sub-Saharan Africa • South of the Sahara • Warm climate • Still has some local animist traditions • People in this area are descents of those in the slave trade

19. Middle East • Warm, dry climate • Cultural region • Muslim • Mostly speak Arabic • This is where human civilization first developed • Crosses 3 continents • Africa, Asia and Europe

20. East Asia • Most populous country • Food staples are fish, other seafoods and rice • Great Wall of China • Protection from invaders • China was isolated from the rest of the world because of its physical features such as mountains • Made up of a chain of islands- archipelago • Influenced heavily by China • 1st Asian nation to borrow Western ways and to industrialize • Lacks many natural resources so must import most of its needs China Japan

21. Satellite Images China Japan

22. South Asia • Himalayan Mts are highest chain in the world and is major physical feature • Separates India from the rest of Asia • Indus and Ganges Rivers (Indus River Valley civilizations) • India- 2nd most populated country • After gain of independence broke into Hindu India and Muslim Pakistan

23. Southeast Asia • Provides shortest route between the Pacific and Indian Oceans • Arab traders brought Islam to the area where it rapidly spread • Once known as the East Indies • Known for spices and trade • Preserved food better than salt

24. Australia and Oceania • Australia is only country also known as a continent • Aborigines • Australia’s original Natives • Has a large desert like areas called the Outback • Places like New Zealand and Tahiti, along with other south Pacific countries are known as Oceania

25. Our World, Our Planet: Earth