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1. BiologyMr. Gallowaywww.soulcare.org Chapters 26, 27, 28 Protists & Fungi 26 Animal-like Protists27 Plant-like & Fungus-like Protists 28 True Fungi Recommended Websites: Soulcare.org AnswersInGenesis.org www.soulcare.org Sid Galloway

2. Some of God’s creatures are really big. But dinosaurs are not Protists. Most protists are microscopic. Recommended Website: www.soulcare.org Sid Galloway

3. PHYLUM ZOOMASTIGINA www.soulcare.org Sid Galloway

4. Some of God’s creatures are very, verysmall www.soulcare.org Sid Galloway

5. Ch 26-27 Protists = “Odds & Ends” or “Junk Drawer” Kingdom Creatures created by our Creator, God, which come in all sizes, shapes, and colors. “Protists”, covers many “kinds” of creatures, that don’t fit in other kingdoms. * All are eukaryotes. * All lack tissue differentiation * Some are unicellular, others are multicellular like giant sea weed over 100 meters long. * Most heterotrophs, few autotrophs, some both www.soulcare.org Sid Galloway

6. Three Groups of Protists: 1. Animal-Like Protists 2. Plant-like Protists 3. Fungus-like Protists www.soulcare.org Sid Galloway

7. 26 Animal-Like Protists = Protozoans (65,000) • Heterotrophic, unicellular creatures (Use food vacuole to digest food) • Some parasitic, others free-living (zooplankton)(Some free-living have eye spots) • Cyst = dormant form, hard covering, no metabolism • Reproduction- All capable of asexual binary fission- Some by multiple fission- A few sexually by conjugation(more complex conjugation than bacteria) www.soulcare.org Sid Galloway

8. www.soulcare.org Sid Galloway

9. Classification changes as theories changes: • Four Phyla – • Sarcodina (ameba, radiolaria, …) • Ciliophora (paramecium, …) • Zoomastigina (trypanosoma, giardia …) • Sporozoa (plasmodium, toxoplasma) • Grouped by the way they move: www.soulcare.org Sid Galloway

10. Phylum Sarcodina (Ameba, radiolaria) About 40,000 species • Ameboid Movement (pseudopodia) • - pseudopod means false foot • - endoplasm pushes ectoplasm • - cytoplasmic streaming • Some are naked like the ameba, others have protective shells (“tests”) and are called radiolarians and foraminifera • Contractile vacuole – used to squirt out extra water from sarcodine bodies www.soulcare.org Sid Galloway

11. www.soulcare.org Sid Galloway

12. www.soulcare.org Sid Galloway

13. Ameba - www.soulcare.org Sid Galloway

14. Radiolarians www.soulcare.org Sid Galloway

15. Phylum Ciliophora (Cilia movement) About 8,000 species • Cilia are hairlike projections moving in waves- Oral Groove to mouth pore to gullet to anal pore- Reproduce by either binary fission or conjugation- Macronucleus (many DNA copies for cell function) • Micronucleus (for conjugational exchange of genes) www.soulcare.org Sid Galloway

16. Paramecium = a ciliophora (a ciliate) www.soulcare.org Sid Galloway

17. www.soulcare.org Sid Galloway

18. Phylum Zoomastigina - Flagella Movement Protists called zooflagellates, using 1 to 8 flagella. (2,500 species) Symbiosis is a close relationship between two creatures where at least one of them benefits. Termites have zooflagellate creatures in its intestines to help in digestion. Both live in a symbiotic relationship called mutalism, where both creatures benefit from each other. Parasites- Others are parasitic like, Giardia, which causes severe intestinal pain. * Many other zoomastigina are parasitic www.soulcare.org Sid Galloway

19. www.soulcare.org Sid Galloway

20. Phylum Sporozoa(6,000 species) • no means of locomotion • most are parasitic, Toxoplasmosis (affects human babies) • Malaria (caused by sporozoan, Plasmodium) This genus has caused more human deaths than any other genus in history. • * Four species infect humans * Carried by female Anopheles mosquito www.soulcare.org Sid Galloway

21. Malaria Cycle– Plasmodium carried by Anopheles mosquitoes www.soulcare.org Sid Galloway

22. Ch 27.2 Plant-like Protists: Algae * Autotrophs using (pigments & photosynthesis), but NOT plants, since they have no true tissue differentiation, no true roots, stems, or leaves. * Some are unicellular, living unconnected from other algae cells. (Phytoplankton in contrast to zooplankton) (Produce almost 50% of world’s carbohydrates) * Others form colonies together with a few cells specializing for reproduction, etc. * Most algae have flagella at some point in life cycle * Some algae are multicellular like seaweed, where all cells are specialized. www.soulcare.org Sid Galloway

23. Euglena - www.soulcare.org Sid Galloway

24. The giant kelp (seaweed) is a protist, that can grow over 100 meters (300 ft) long. www.soulcare.org Sid Galloway

25. www.soulcare.org Sid Galloway

26. Types of algae: - Euglenoids: green, unicellular, heterotrophic when no sunlight, eyespot, flagellum - Dinoflagellates: unicellular with stiff plates, two flagella in grooves, twirl, some glow. - Diatoms: unicellular with glasslike cell walls, which collect on ocean floor as diatomaceous earth. - Green Algae: use green pigment, most are unicellular, but some mulitcellular. - Red Algae: most multicellular seaweeds, living deep in ocean. Red pigments absorbs light that penetrates deep into the water. Carrageenan is a chemical from them used in ice cream! - Brown Algae: common seaweed, looks like a plant. Gas-filled float sacs. Some giant kelp can be over 100 meters long (300 feet). www.soulcare.org Sid Galloway

27. www.soulcare.org Sid Galloway

28. Algal Blooms • Algal Bloom = rapid growth of a population of algae. • Often this produces huge amounts of toxins (poisons), killing whales, etc. • Whales die when they drink the water or eat fish filled with the toxins. www.soulcare.org Sid Galloway

29. Red Tides are Salt Water Blooms: * Red pigment in some salt water algae make the water look red. * Dinoflagellates and diatoms are algae forming red tide. * Blooms usually occur when nutrients and temperature increase.* Red tides are dangerous when toxins from the algae are concentrated in bodies of animals (like fish or oysters) that eat the algae, and then humans eat those animals. www.soulcare.org Sid Galloway

30. Fresh Water Blooms:Eutrophication = process where nutrients build up in a lake and cause algae to over grow. • * Farmers spreading fertilizer, and sewer system drainage can cause eutrophication.* Serious consequences occur when algae bloom too much in a pond or lake: • - The layer of floating algae stops sunlight from reaching organisms at the bottom. • - These organisms die and decay, causing bacteria to over multiply.- These bacteria use up the oxygen in the water and more creatures die.- Finally only the algae and a few other organisms survive. www.soulcare.org Sid Galloway

31. * Fresh water algae is easier to control since a lake is smaller than the ocean. * To stop eutrophication, scientists must find and stop the source of extra nutrients. www.soulcare.org Sid Galloway

32. 27.3 Fungus-like Protists: * Like fungi, they are heterotrophs, have cell walls, use spores to reproduce.* Unlike fungi, they can move at some points in their life cycle.* Two types: - (1) Water Molds: Live in water or moist places & look like fuzzy threads of branching filaments. Many attack food crops. - (2) Slime Molds: Live in moist soil and on decaying plants and trees. Some are beautiful colors. Move using pseudopods. They eat bacteria and other microorganisms. Can combine, forming a multicellular mass & spores. Spores develop into a new generations of slime molds. www.soulcare.org Sid Galloway

33. Slime Mold www.soulcare.org Sid Galloway

34. Pseudoplasmodiums and Plasmodiums Cellular slime molds live as haploid cells, that move like amoebas. * A pseudoplasmodium is a coordinated colony of independent cells that looks like a slug, leaving a slimy trail as it crawls over logs, etc. Plasmodial slime molds form true plasmodiums during their feeding stage. It can be as large as several square meters. A true plasmodium is multinucleate (thousands of nuclei), without individual cells. As it moves, it engulfs decaying organic matter. www.soulcare.org Sid Galloway

35. Plasmodium Slime Mold www.soulcare.org Sid Galloway

36. Slime Mold Reproduction Fruiting Bodies (Stalks with spores) are formed for reproduction when food is scarce. www.soulcare.org Sid Galloway

37. Ch 28 - Fungi • Fungi Characteristics: • * Eukaryotes; Heterotrophic • * Use spores to reproduce www.soulcare.org Sid Galloway

38. Structure of Fungi • Hyphae = are branching, threadlike tubes that make up the bodies of most fungi. • Some hyphae are a continuous thread of cytoplasm with many nuclei.The appearance of a fungus depends on the arrangement of the hyphae. • - Loosely tangled in fuzzy molds- Tightly packed in the stalk and cap of a mushroom www.soulcare.org Sid Galloway

39. Hyphae growing from a fungus www.soulcare.org Sid Galloway

40. How Do Fungi Get Food? * Heterotrophs, but unlike humans, they absorb food through hyphae. - The hyphae grow into the source of food - Digestive chemicals ooze into the food. - Breaks food into small, absorbable compounds. - Examples: some feed on dead plants, others feed on our skin. www.soulcare.org Sid Galloway

41. Reproduction in Fungi: Most reproduce both asexually and sexually. * Asexual Reproduction occurs when there is plenty of moisture and food. - “Fruiting Bodies” are reproductive hyphae in the fungus that produce spores. - Yeast do not make spores, but reproduce by “budding”, where a small yeast grows from the body of a “parent” yeast. * Sexual Reproduction occurs if conditions become too harsh. Hyphae of two fungi grow together and exchange genetic material. www.soulcare.org Sid Galloway

42. Fungi and the Living World: * Decomposers – many fungi break down the chemicals in dead organisms. This returns nutrients to the soil, and gets rid of dead plants and animals.* People Food – We eat many kinds of fungi. - Yeast make bread rise, due to the carbon dioxide gas they make. - We eat mushrooms from the store. www.soulcare.org Sid Galloway

43. DON’T ever eat the ones in your yard! Never eat hallucinogenic mushrooms, Like “Psilocybin”. Reality is bad enough in this fallen world. Why make it worse. www.soulcare.org Sid Galloway

44. * Disease Causing Fungi – attack plants, animals, and humans. - Athlete’s foot fungus makes feet itch. - Ringworm is NOT a worm, but a fungus that makes a red ring on the skin.* Disease Fighting Fungi – Penicillium is a fungus that produces a chemical which kills bacteria. We make the antibiotic Penicillin from this chemical.* Some Fungi help Plants by growing around the plant roots and absorbing extra moisture and nutrients from the soil. The plant then absorbs these into its roots. www.soulcare.org Sid Galloway

45. * Lichens – are a combination of a fungus and either algae or autotrophic bacteria.- Lichens look like crusty patches on rocks. - They live together in a mutualistic relationship. The fungus benefits from the food produced by the autotrophic organism, while it, in turn, gets water and minerals from the fungus.- Lichens break down the rocks into soil.- Lichens are very sensitive to pollution, so we can watch their growth to monitor air quality in an area. www.soulcare.org Sid Galloway

46. The next slides are extras www.soulcare.org Sid Galloway

47. www.soulcare.org Sid Galloway

48. Protozoan Parts & Propellers www.soulcare.org Sid Galloway

49. www.soulcare.org Sid Galloway

50. www.soulcare.org Sid Galloway