Chapter 1 Foundations of Government

1. Chapter 1Foundations of Government

2. Lesson 1 Purpose and Origin of Government

3. Answer these questions in a small group 1. Why is government necessary? 2. What would life be like without government?

4. Purpose & Origins of Government Essential Questions: Why do all societies need some form of government? How did the world’s earliest governments originate?

5. F. A. E. B. What does government do for us? D. C.

6. Maintain Social Order Provides Public Services Purpose & Functions of Government Make Economic Decisions Provide National Security

7. Provides Public Services Maintain Social Order Our government makes laws to prohibit “crimes” (murder, rape, assault, theft, etc.) and punishes those who break them. Government also provides courts to resolve disputes between individuals. Purpose & Functions of Government Provide National Security Make Economic Decisions

8. Maintain Social Order Our government makes laws to prohibit “crimes” (murder, rape, assault, theft, etc.) and punishes those who break them. Government also provides courts to resolve disputes between individuals. Provides Public Services Our government provides public roads, bridges, sewer systems, health & safety inspectors, public education, public libraries, etc. Purpose & Functions of Government Provide National Security Make Economic Decisions

9. Maintain Social Order Our government makes laws to prohibit “crimes” (murder, rape, assault, theft, etc.) and punishes those who break them. Government also provides courts to resolve disputes between individuals. Provides Public Services Our government provides public roads, bridges, sewer systems, health & safety inspectors, public education, public libraries, etc. Purpose & Functions of Government Provide National Security Our government provides a military to protect us from attack, provides border patrol, provides intelligence agencies to spy for potential threats, etc. Make Economic Decisions

10. Maintain Social Order Our government makes laws to prohibit “crimes” (murder, rape, assault, theft, etc.) and punishes those who break them. Government also provides courts to resolve disputes between individuals. Provides Public Services Our government provides public roads, bridges, sewer systems, health & safety inspectors, public education, public libraries, etc. Purpose & Functions of Government Provide National Security Our government provides a military to protect us from attack, provides border patrol, provides intelligence agencies to spy for potential threats, etc. Make Economic Decisions Our government provides a monetary system (U.S. Dollars), controls interest rates and inflation, and provides aid to the poor so that Americans enjoy a high standard of living.

12. Theories on the Origins of Government Evolutionary Theory Force Theory How did governments come into existence? Divine Right Theory Social Contract Theory (by Thomas Hobbes)

13. Theories on the Origins of Government Evolutionary Theory As the extended family grew in size, the elders became the governing body of that society. Force Theory How did governments come into existence? Divine Right Theory Social Contract Theory (by Thomas Hobbes)

14. Theories on the Origins of Government Evolutionary Theory As the extended family grew in size, the elders became the governing body of that society. Force Theory Those who were stronger and/or had the backing of a military brought areas under their control by force and thus became the government. How did governments come into existence? Divine Right Theory Social Contract Theory (by Thomas Hobbes)

15. Theories on the Origins of Government Evolutionary Theory As the extended family grew in size, the elders became the governing body of that society. Force Theory Those who were stronger and/or had the backing of a military brought areas under their control by force and thus became the government. How did governments come into existence? Divine Right Theory The people in some societies believed that their leaders (Kings, Emperors, etc.) were chosen by God so by obeying these leaders they were obeying God. Social Contract Theory (by Thomas Hobbes)

16. Theories on the Origins of Government Evolutionary Theory As the extended family grew in size, the elders became the governing body of that society. Force Theory Those who were stronger and/or had the backing of a military brought areas under their control by force and thus became the government. How did governments come into existence? Divine Right Theory The people in some societies believed that their leaders (Kings, Emperors, etc.) were chosen by God so by obeying these leaders they were obeying God. Social Contract Theory (by Thomas Hobbes) The people saw the brutality of life w/out laws, so they agreed to create a government and accepted the government’s authority over them. In exchange, the people expected the government to protect them.

17. When and where did democratic government first develop?

18. What is the difference between a state and a nation? State Definition – a political community that occupies a definite territory, has an organized government, and has sovereignty (has supreme & absolute authority w/in its territorial boundaries) Nation Definition – a sizeable group of people that share common bonds of race, language, customs, and religion *The geographic boundaries of states and nations do not always match.

19. What is the difference between a state and a nation? State Definition – a political community that occupies a definite territory, has an organized government, and has sovereignty (has supreme & absolute authority w/in its territorial boundaries) Nation Definition – a sizeable group of people that share common bonds of race, language, customs, and religion *The geographic boundaries of states and nations do not always match. Examples of Multi-Nation States: Canada (English-Speaking Canadians & French Canadians) Iraq (Sunnis, Kurds, & Shiites) Israel (Jews & Palestinians)

20. What is the difference between a state and a nation? State Definition – a political community that occupies a definite territory, has an organized government, and has sovereignty (has supreme & absolute authority w/in its territorial boundaries) Nation Definition – a sizeable group of people that share common bonds of race, language, customs, and religion *The geographic boundaries of states and nations do not always match. Examples of Nations W/out a State of Their Own: Kurds (live primarily in Northern Iraq & Southeastern Turkey) Palestinians (live in Israel) Chechens (live in part of Russia)

21. Types of Government Lesson 2

22. Division of Power • Intro: • How is power divided in your house?

23. Name that National Anthem! Listen to the following three national anthems and they to answer the following three questions. 1) What does the anthem/lyrics say to the world? To its people? 2) Who/what is the song honoring? 3) Who has the power? 4) What type of political system have?

24. Systems of Government • Governments carry out important functions of the society • Organized in two ways: • How Democratic? How Power is divided… • Larger and smaller parts of the country • National, State, Local • 3 Main Systems: Unitary, Confederacy, Federal Systems

25. Systems of Government • Unitary System – • All power to the central government • Powers to states and local are specifically expressed by the central government • Japan, France and Bolivia • Confederate System – • Loose union of independent states/territories (American Revolution) • Most power relies in the states/territories of the country. • Weal central Gov’t • Federal System – (Federalism) • Power divided (Nation, State, Local) • USA Developed system under the Constitution • Advantage: power is shared amongst various levels • Disadvantage: each level can make its own laws

28. CONSTITUTIONS AND GOVERNMENTS • A constitution is a plan for government and serves three major purposes. • 1. establishes ideals that people of a nation share. • 2. defines a government’s basic powers and duties. • 3. provides the “supreme” law of a nation. • All countries have a constitution. That is to say, they all have a plan for government. • Special emphasis is given to countries that are recognized as having “constitutional governments.” • Country that operates according to the constitution • Constitutional Governments = limited Government • Constitutions are often considered “incomplete guides”

29. Incomplete Constitutions • 1. no constitution can spell out ALL of the laws, customs, ideas that grow in that country • EX: FDR terms as president • Unspoken: 2 terms • 22nd Amendment = president limited to two terms • 2. constitution does not always reflect actual government practices • China’s republic lists ideals of rights, freedoms, and duties • China maintains police force • Spies on people • Violates people’s rights in their constitution

30. Major Types of Government • Major concepts • Who governs?, • Who gives the government its power? • Who benefits from the government? • Who/How can they participate? • Most government can be categorized into three types: • Autocracy • Oligarchy • Democracy

31. Authoritarian • Government that controls all aspects of citizens economic, political and social lives • Historically autocrats maintained power through inheritance or ruthless military rule. • Most autocratic government are split two way (dictatorships or monarchs). • Dictatorship – (totalitarian) – government has total control • Opposition to the government/leader is not allowed • Monarchs cane come in two forms, • Limited – tradition or law (council) • Absolute – do not share power • Constitutional Monarchy – king or queen is limited by the law

32. OLIGARCHY • The power to govern is concentrated in the hands of a few people. • Power is derived from wealth, military, social positions, religion or a combination of all of these factors. • An oligarchy can sometimes mimic a dictatorship in the way leadership maintains control of the people they govern (ruthless leadership).

34. Presidential vs. Parliamentary Government (Democracy)

35. DEMOCRACY • The power to govern is in the hands of the people (consent of the governed). • The key concept of democracy is sovereignty. • People have the power (Vote) • There are two forms of democracy (direct or representative). • What is the difference between direct and representative democracy?

36. CHARACTERISTICS OF A DEMOCRACY • Individual Liberty (is it unlimited)? • Majority Rule with Minority Rights (What does this mean)? • What is the idea of Tyranny of the Majority? How does this affect majority rule? • Free Elections (we choose our own representatives). • Competing Political Parties (give voters choice among candidates and add meaning to elections).

37. Role of Government in Economic Systems Chapter 1 Lesson 3

38. Fundamentals of Economics • Economics • is the study of human efforts to satisfy seemingly unlimited wants through the use of limited resources • What to produce. • Howto produce. • For whom to produce. • Economic Systems: • Traditional • Market • Command • How economies work • How government affects the economy

39. ECONOMIC THEORIES • Capitalism • Private ownership of the factors of production, freedom of choice, and individual incentives • Socialism • Government plays a role, but does not control it completely. • Communism • Government makes decisions • How much to make, What to produce, how much of the product to distribute

40. CAPITALISM • Government does not interfere with the economy • Goal: - produce a Free Market • Government places no limit of freedom of buyers and sellers on economic decisions • Freedom of choice is the central ideology. • Private ownership. • Free enterprise • Competition among businesses. • The possibility for profit.

41. Origins of Capitalism • Capitalism two major principles; • 1. people could work for economic gain, • 2. wealth should be used aggressively. • Scottish philosopher Adam Smith was the most well known proponent of capitalism (Wealth of Nations). • In the Wealth of Nations, Smith describes what he calls Laissez-faire economics (hands off).

42. Socialism • Socialism has three main goals: • 1. Distribution of wealth equally among people. • 2. Government control of all decisions regarding resources in a country. • 3. Public ownership of most land, factories, and other means of production.

43. COMMUNISM • Idea developed by Karl Marx who wrote both the Communist Manifesto and Das Capital. • Marx divided industrial societies into two classes; • 1.bourgeoisieand • 2. the proletariat who work to produce goods. • Marx saw capitalism as oppressive because a small group owned all the means of production. • The theory under communism is that only one social class would evolve. • Everything (property, means of production, wealth) would be held by the common people so there would be no need for government.

45. Mixed Economies • Combine elements of capitalism and socialism • Modern United States • Early America • Government = small role • Historical events had lead the Government to take a larger role • Great Depression • Social Security Act • Affordable Care Act • Stimulus Bailout