US History I

1. US History I Unit 3 Federal Period

2. First Election New/Old Leaders Washington being sworn in at Federal Hall, New York • George Washington was unanimously elected President • John Adams was elected Vice-President • They made their way to the new capital of New York to be sworn into office

3. Judiciary Act of 1789 • Provided a Chief Justice and five Associate Justices of the Supreme Court • John Jay was appointed by President Washington and approved by the Senate as the first Chief Justice • Established 13 district courts • All disputes over the meaning of the Constitution, federal laws, and treaties must, in the last resort be settled by the Supreme Court • Without the Judiciary Act, each state would have been free to interpret federal laws and would have developed into a league and not a federal union

4. Creation of a Cabinet • Congress created three executive departments to help the president • 1) Department of State – to handle foreign and other affairs • 2) Department of the Treasury – deal with financial problems • 3) Department of War – manage military matters • Heads of these departments called secretary • Function was advisory – President makes the final decisions • The Cabinet as we know it today was recognized by law in 1907

5. The First Cabinet Thomas Jefferson, Secretary of State Alexander Hamilton, Secretary of the Treasury

6. The First Cabinet Henry Knox, Secretary of War Edmund Randolph, Attorney General

7. Four Points of Alexander Hamilton’s Plan • 1. The Interest-Bearing Federal Bond Program: Money invested into the federal government. This increases debt, but also redefines the debt. There are two types of debt: foreign (money owed by the federal government to foreign nations) and public (money owed by the federal government to its people). We used to have foreign debt, but now we had public debt (which is the better debt to have). • 2. Federal Assumption of State War Debt: The states had war debt, so the government says they will assume the debt and try to pay it off. This is to show the people that the government helps us, in response to Shay's Rebellion.

8. 3. The First National Bank: A bank created and used by Congress to standardize financial policy for the states. This caused a dispute, and so to end the dispute, Hamilton agreed to move the national capitol from Pennsylvania down to Virginia in its own district called the District of Columbia. • 4. The Hamilton Tax Plan: Tax Plan made up of two taxes: the Protective Tariff of 1789 and the excise tax on whiskey. The Protective Tariff of 1789 was a tax on imports to get Americans to buy more goods in the United States. This was because Alexander Hamilton was trying to start the manufacturing of goods in the United States. The excise tax on whiskey was a luxury tax because the people of the time drank whiskey like bottled water. This caused the Whiskey Rebellion. • Altogether, Hamilton's tax plan helped to stabilize the Treasury of the United States and was very successful in being the first financial policy of the United States.

9. The Whiskey Rebellion • Hamilton’s tax on distilled liquors was not intended to raise a lot of money; but instead, intended to prove the power of the Federal Government to the independent frontiersmen • Due to transportation issues, the frontier corn crop was distilled in to whiskey and brought across the mountains to be sold, thus whiskey became a major cash “crop”

10. Frontiersmen did exactly as Hamilton wanted and rebelled in 1794 in Pennsylvania • Rebellion faded away when President Washington summoned 15,000 militiamen to put down the rebellion • Militia led by Light Horse Harry Lee and accompanied by Hamilton • The Federal Government had shown its power and strength • No loss of life

11. Success of Hamilton’s program • 1) by paying off the debt, the new government showed that it meant to meet its obligations • 2) centralized banking system provided a sound, uniformed currency • 3) the excise tax brought in small amount of revenue, but influence of the government on the frontier

12. Hamilton’s financial program put money into the hands of well-to-do Americans who invested in the Bank of the United States, who benefited from a sound currency = these men became staunch supporters of the new government • Gave the US a workable money system and a credit reputation that few of the older nations of Europe possessed

13. American involvement in the French Revolution • French seized American ships carrying goods to Great Britain or its possessions • British seized American ships carrying goods to France and impressed American sailors into the British navy • Hamilton and his followers supported Great Britain • Jefferson and his followers wanted to defend the French West Indies; however, that could lead to war with Great Britain • 22 April 1793, President Washington, with the unanimous backing of his Cabinet, issued the Proclamation of Neutrality – forbade American citizens to take part in any hostilities on land or sea with any of the belligerent states • Congress endorsed the Proclamation

14. War with Great Britain • 1793 – it seemed as though the US and GB were on the brink of war • France permitted the US to trade for the first time with the French West Indies to prevent their starvation • GB seized American ships on the grounds that trade not permitted in peace time should not be carried on in war time

15. War Coming?? • As ships were confiscated and sailors impressed – Americans became angry • Men began to drill on village greens, fortify harbor entrances, build warships • Congress closed all ports • President Washington sent Chief Justice John Jay to London to try to settle standing differences

16. Jay’s Treaty • British gained the right to trade freely in all American ports • British promised to withdraw their troops by 1796 from forts still occupied in the northwestern frontier • British fur traders were allowed to carry on their business in American territory

17. Reaction to Jay’s Treaty • Disappointed Americans • Some Jefferson followers said that Hamilton and the government and “sold out” to GB • Mobs burned Jay in effigy and three stones at Hamilton • In the end, after the name calling, it had helped to prevent war with Great Britain

18. Differences with Spain • Spain signed an agreement with the French Republic, which saw Spain enter the war between France and GB • Spain was concerned when the US settled its disputes with GB • Spain decided to settle disputes with the Americans to keep them from siding against Spain and France

19. Pinkney Treaty • Negotiated by Thomas Pinkney, US minister to GB, in 1795 • Settled boundary dispute over Georgia and Florida • Spain agreed to curb Native attacks upon settlements in Georgia • Spain granted the right to use the Mississippi River and the port at New Orleans • Westerners believed the treaty would prevent Spain from closing their vital trade on the Mississippi

20. Washington’s Farewell • 1796, Washington was preparing to leave office after refusing to serve a 3rd term • In his two terms, he had helped to establish the new nation on a solid foundation • His administration had organized the machinery of government • He had managed to avoid war with GB and France • He had settled the Spanish questions • These were all solid accomplishments

21. Washington’s Concerns • Worried about the sharp, often bitter arguments between Hamilton and his followers and Jefferson and his followers • Troubled about he US relations with other countries

22. Washington’s Farwell Address • Urged the American people to remain devoted to the Union • Avoid the formation of political parties • Avoid permanent alliances with any portion of the foreign world

23. Two-Party System • Constitution said nothing about the formation of political parties • Hamilton and his followers came to be known as Federalists • Federalists included wealthy merchants, manufacturers, lawyers, and clergymen • John Adams, a Federalist, said they represented “the rich, the well-born, and the able” • Federalists were strongest in New England and along the Atlantic seaboard

24. The Opposition Party • Thomas Jefferson led a group first known as the Anti-Federalists, became the Democratic-Republicans, later dropping Democratic and known only as Republicans • Most of Jefferson’s supporters were the owners of small farms or wage earners in the growing towns

25. Party Differences • Hamilton had little faith in the ability fo the average people to govern themselves • Hamilton wanted to keep wealthy people in power by creating a strong federal government • Since the Constitution did not allow such a strong federal government, Hamilton believed in a loose, or elastic, interpretation

26. Jefferson had great faith in the average man’s ability to take an effective part in the government. • Jefferson wanted the small farmers, who made up 90% of the population, to exercise power over the government • Jefferson favored the weakest possible federal government, strong state governments, and guarantees of individual liberties • Jefferson favored a strict interpretation of the Constitution

27. Election of 1796 • Federalists nominated John Adams for President and Thomas Pinkney for Vice President • Republicans nominated Thomas Jefferson for President and Aaron Burr for Vice President • Who had the power to decide the winner – the electors

28. Electors • Electors were voted on by the people at the polling places • The electors were to cast the electoral votes by voting in their state and then forwarding their ballot to the President of the Senate, who opened the ballots in the presence of the Senate and the House of Representatives • Candidate with the most votes was declared the President • Candidate with the second largest vote was declared Vice-President

29. There was nothing in the Constitution that stated the electors had to vote for candidates fo the same party • Founding Fathers did not foresee the country dividing into political parties

30. Warm-up- 9/28 • In your notebook… Describe three of the differences between the Federalists and Democratic-Republicans. • Write one paragraph (5 sentences) describing which party (Federalists or Democratic-Republicans) you find yourself agreeing with more.

31. Election of 1796 • Federalist – John Adams and Thomas Pinkney • Republican – Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr • It was thought that the electors would vote for men of the same party

32. John Adams won the Presidency because he had the most votes • Thomas Jefferson won the VP because he has the second highest number of votes • The 1796 Election taught electors to vote only for the previously nominated candidates and for one party.

33. Verge of War with France (again) • France resented US refusal to honor the Treaty of 1778 • France resented the US Proclamation of Neutrality of 1793 • French resented Jay’s Treaty, which France saw as being pro-British • France became increasingly hostile during Washington’s second term

34. XYZ Affair • 1797 – Adams sent John Marshall, Elbridge Gerry, and Charles C. Pinkney as commissioners to reach an agreement with France • French government refused to receive the Americans • While the Americans were waiting, they were visited by three Frenchmen

35. The Frenchmen, identified as X,Y, and Z by President Adams made three insulting demands • Demand #1 – American government must apologize publicly to France for remarks made by Adams in an address to Congress • Demand #2 – The US must grant a loan to France • Demand #3 – The US envoys must pay a bribe of $250,000.00 to the five members of the French Directory

36. Question • Do you agree with the American response to the French demands?

37. Alien and Sedition Acts • 1798 – Federalist dominated Congress passed a series of laws that they claimed would unite the country, at the same time they would weaken the Republicans • Alien and Sedition Acts included four laws

38. Naturalization Act • Alien, foreigner, must reside in the US for 14 years before he could become a naturalized citizen • Prior to this time, only 5 years • Congress justified the act on the grounds that it would help protect the country from enemy aliens in wartime • Most newcomers joined the Republican Party as soon as they were citizens • This would weaken the Republicans and keep the Federalist in power

39. Alien Act • Allowed the President to kick out anyone who he thought was a threat to the United States

40. Alien Enemies Act • Authorized the President, in time of war or invasion, to imprison or banish any foreigners he believed to be a menace to public safety • The Alien and Alien Enemies Acts were meant to stifle the Republican Party as it was a Federalist President who could decide who met the criteria to be banished

41. Sedition Act • Intended to silence American citizens who might stir up discontent or rebellion • Punishment by fine and imprisonment of anyone who wrote, said, or printed anything “false, scandalous and malicious…against the government of the United States. “

42. Warm-up 10/1 • Why did the Federalists develop the Alien and Sedition Acts?

43. If enforced, these laws would end all opposition to the Federalist Party • Naturalization Act went into effect immediately • Alien Act and Alien Enemies Act were not enforced – threat of imprisonment drove Frenchmen out of the US • Sedition Act was used to silence 10 Republican editors; fear of the act may have kept others silent

44. Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions • Kentucky Resolutions written by Jefferson was adopted by the new state of Kentucky in 1798 and 1799 • Virginia Resolutions written by James Madison were adopted by the legislature of Virginia in 1798 • These resolutions outlined the states’ rights, or compact, theory of the Constitution.

45. 1) federal government had been created by the states • 2) federal government was merely an agent for the states, operating under a “compact,” or agreement which had delegated to the federal government certain specific responsibilities and no more • 3) federal government, or its agent, could be criticized by its creators, the states, if it committed unauthorized acts

46. Carried to an extreme, the states’ rights theory of the Constitution would have given the states power to declare null and void any act of Congress that the states considered unconstitutional • These ideas will lead to secession of the southern states from the Union in 1860/61

47. Election of 1800 • Federalists – President John Adams for a second term and Charles C. Pinkney for Vice Presidency • Republicans – Thomas Jefferson for President and Aaron Burr for Vice Presidency • Republicans gained the Presidency and both houses of Congress, although the Presidency was not a sealed deal

48. Federalists in 1800 Election

49. Republicans in 1800 Election

50. Civil War?????? • Rumors swirled as the Republican tie in electoral votes for Jefferson and Burr was confirmed • Constitution clearly stated that in the event of a tie the final decision would be made by the House of Representatives with each state having one vote • It would seem an easy decision since Jefferson had been nominated by the Republicans controlling the House; however….