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Greek Tragedy. Lecturer: Wu Shiyu. 1. Athens after the Persian Wars. 1. Politically: A.D. Age of Pericles (461-429 B.C.). 2. The Delian League. Athenian Empire. 3. Parthenon , philosopy art, history, theater. 2. Social Background.
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Greek Tragedy Lecturer: Wu Shiyu
1. Athens after the Persian Wars 1. Politically: A.D Age of Pericles (461-429 B.C.) 2. The Delian League Athenian Empire 3. Parthenon, philosopy art, history, theater
2. Social Background • “Trade and money flowed, art flourished, and new ideas spread.” • Athens: a cultural sponge. • Athens: breeding ground
3. General Introduction • P events, financed by state • A huge national holiday; • The Theatre of Dionysus • On the slope of the Acropolis • Accomodating about 30,000 people.
4. Tragedy: origin • In honor of Dionysus • Greek word tragoidia, “goat song.” • Three tragedies by a dramatist (a trilogy) • A Satyr play • Watch a comedy
5. Great Tragedians • 3 great tragedians: Aeschylus, Sophocles, Euripides. • Athenian Citizen • 埃斯库罗斯 (“悲剧之父”) • 索福克勒斯 (“戏剧艺术的荷马”) • 欧里庇得斯(“心理戏剧的鼻祖”)
8. Aeschylus (524-456 B.C.) • Born in old aristocratic family • The Battle of Marathon and Battle of Salamis. • In 472 B.C. competition the Persians. • Won first prize for him. • In 468 B.C. lost to Sophocles • Represent the growth of • Athenian political, military, and cultural power. • In Verse
9. Life of Aeschylus (524-456 B.C.) • Won 13 times • Went to Sicily, buried in Gela. • “Beneath this stone lies Aeschylus, son of Euphorion, the Athenian, • who perished in the wheat-bearing land of Gela; • of his noble prowess the grove of Marathon can speak, • and the long-haired Persian knows it well.” • 雅典人埃斯库罗斯，欧福里翁之子， • 躺在这里，周围荡漾着革拉的麦浪； • 马拉松的圣地称道他作战英勇无比， • 长发的波斯人听了，心里最明白。 • The Epitaph
10. Works of Aeschylus • 90 plays, 7 preserved • The Persians, • Seven against Thebes, • The Suppliants, • The trilogy The Oresteia, • Prometheus Bound
11. The Persians波斯人 • 惟一以当时现实为题材的悲剧 • 波斯王宫，报信人报告海军全军覆没 • 抨击东方的专制制度，赞杨雅典的民主 • 关于海战，比希罗多德精彩 • 波斯人失败是骄傲自大，神的惩罚
The Persians (First Prize) Atossa I’d like to know, dear friends, Where Athens is. Chorus Far west where the Lord Sun fades out. Atossa My son really wanted to hunt down this city? Chorus Yes, so Greece would bend beneath a Shah. Atossa Does it field a manhorde of an army? Chorus Such that is has worked evils on the Medes. Atossa Then bowtugging arrows glint in their hands? Chorus No. Spear held steady, and heavy shields. Atossa What else? Wealth in their houses? Chorus Treasure, a fountain of silver lies in their soil. Atossa But who herds the manflock? Who lords the army? Chorus They’re not anyone’s slaves or subjects.
The Persians (First Prize) Shores and reefs filled up with our dead And every able ship under Persian command Broke order, Scrambling to escape. We might have been tuna or netted fish, For they kept on, spearing and gutting us With splintered oars and bits of wreckages, While moaning and screams drowned out The noise till Night’s black face closed it all in.
From The Persians The Chorus and Atossa lament(哀悼;痛哭). Atossa calls up the spirit of her dead husband Darius. Darius tells of how he was defeated by the Athenians at Marathon. He warns that Earth herself is an ally of the Greeks. Darius also warns against reckless pride and descends. Atossa leaves and pledges to accept her son depsite his folly. Xerxes enters a broken man and tells of his defeat. He joins the lament with the chorus.
12. Oresteia《俄瑞斯忒亚》三联剧 • Agamemnon, 《阿伽门农》 • The Libation Bearers, 《奠酒人》 • The Eumenides, 《复仇女神》
是现存惟一完整的三联剧 • 《阿伽门农》是古希腊最出色的悲剧之一 • 一部伟大的悲剧，思想和艺术价值极高 • 图说剧情
阿伽门农祭女 Clytemnestra outraged
Argos, Mycenae • Clytemnestra has been ruling, a gloomy palace. • Atreus in a bitter dispute with Thyestes • Religious festival, reconcile • Clytemnestra love affair with Aegisthus
The Curse “Their heads and hands and feet were hacked(砍 ) into pieces and thrown into a boiling stew(煮 ), From which he,in ignorance, ate his fill. A meal that brought the curses upon this House! When he discovered the obscene truth, he screamed Out in horror, reeled back from the table, kicking it over And retching (干呕）,vomited up the butchered flesh. Then he shouted out his curse on the sons of Pelops, “Damn to death the clan of Pleisthenes!””
13. Tragedy: Aristotle’s Definition • The imitation of an action. • Not the action itself, but the imitation of the action • that is complete and noble. • Deal with the noble theme and individual • A great and noble figure like Oedipus. • It is performed, not narrated.
13. Tragedy: Aristotle’s Definition • And by watching this performance, • the emotions of fear and pity are to be aroused in you. • And thereby to achieve a catharsis • A catharsis is purging, • You have to be purged of these emotions. • To learn to be purged, not to be weighed down by them, • But to learn from them and to go on.
11. Influences • Robert F. Kennedy quoted Aeschylus on the night of the assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr “Even in our sleep, pain, which cannot forget, falls drop by drop upon the heart, until in our own despair, against our will, comes wisdom through the awful grace of God." (Aeschylus, wonderful!) “What we need in the United States is not division; what we need in the United States is not hatred; what we need in the United States is not violence or lawlessness; but love and wisdom, …”
古希腊悲剧（下） Lecturer: Wu Shiyu
11. Sophocles (496-406 B.C.) • Received good education • as a chorus boy for celebrating • Financial Chief the Delian League • Elected twice as strategoi. • First performance in 468 B.C. • Also an actor, but he retired early • The addition of a third actor.
12. Sophocles’ works • Created over 120 works • Won twenty victories. • Dominated the fifth century • 作品反映了雅典全盛时期的思想 • 人物丰富多彩，形式趋于完美 • 休战
12. Sophocles’ works • Antigone, 《安提戈涅》 • Oedipus the King,《俄底浦斯王》 • The Trachiniae, 《特拉喀斯妇女》 • Electra,《厄勒克拉特》 • Philoctetes, 《菲洛克忒忒斯》 • Oedipus at Colonus • Oedipus the King, most famous • Of all Greek Tragedies
13. Sophocles’ Antigone • Eteocles and Polynices fought for the throne, • Died at each other’s hand. • Creon, their uncle inherited tt • Declared Polynices traitor on FF • No one should bury him (dead) • Anyone violating the decree be put to death.
13. Sophocles’ Antigone • If not buried, shade could not enter the underworld. • In addition, bodies exposed would offend the gods • and thus do harm to the city. • Antigone was facing such a decision, • to bury his brother and face death, • or leave his brother unburied. • In the end, Antigone buried his brother.
13. Sophocles’ Antigone • Antigone was put into jail, where she killed herself. • Her fiancé, Creon’s son Haemon committed suicide • Creon’s wife Eurydice, loved her son so much • She killed herself too, • Only Creon sighing and mourning to himself.
14. Sophocles’ Oedipus the King • Freud, founder of the psychoanalysis discipline, • Interpretation of Dreams, adopted • Sophocles’ Oedipus the King • As evidence for his theory of infant sexuality PD • “Oedipus complex” taken from this great tragedy. • The play represents unconscious desires • As a kind of “wish-fulfillment fantasy”
《俄》最具震撼力的一部。 • 希腊人笃信命运，这在悲剧中反映。 • 《俄》更是命运剧的代表。 • 但是，命运固然是不可战胜的，俄并不是消极地等待， • 而是展开英勇的斗争， • 他的品德，他那种完全不顾自己痛苦的行动， • 他那种不惜任何代价去寻求真相的决心，本身就是可歌可泣的。 • 可以说，这是一曲人与命运作殊死斗争的悲歌。
13. On Sophocles • Deeper development of characters • His reputation was such that foreign rulers invited him to attend their courts, never accepted. • Aristotle used Sophocles's Oedipus the King in his Poetics (c. 335 BC) as an example of the highest achievement in tragedy.
14. Euripides (c. 480 -406 B.C.) • Born in Salamís on 23 September 480. • Last of three great tragedians in Athens • Claimed four victories • 95 plays, • 18 -19 survived complete.
15. Euripides’ Medea • 《美狄亚》是欧里庇得斯最感人的悲剧之一,. • 异国女子, 背叛自己的家庭,帮助伊阿宋取得金羊毛 • 流亡到科林斯. • 伊阿宋要另娶科林斯国王的女儿, • 用毒药害死了公主和国王, • 然后杀死自己的两个儿子, • 乘坐龙车逃向雅典.
15. Works of Euripides • 不合理的婚姻制度和男女地位的不平等, • 男子的不道德和自私自利. • 当日妇女的共同命运,诗人对她们寄予无限的同情. • 希腊悲剧在形式上已十分完美, • 因此诗人只就内容方面加以革新. • 他在这方面有两大贡献,即写实手法与心理描写. • Focused on the realism of his characters.
如何看待美狄亚的杀子？ 如何概括美狄亚的性格？ 如何理解其中蕴涵的文学母题？
