The World After WWI

1. The World After WWI The Collapse of the Old Order Road to Totalitarianism

2. Europe Before WWI

3. The Collapse of the Old Order-New Boundaries • The Versailles Treaty changed the boundaries in Europe and around the world • In Europe • Germany • Lost Alsace-Lorraine to France (West) • Poland took part of the Eastern side of Germany • Czechoslovakia gained part of Southern Germany(Sudetenland)

4. Austria- Hungarian Empire • Serbia was given various states in the Balkans to create Yugoslavia • Hungary became a separate country • Turkey • Saudia Arabia became independent • Britain gained Palestine, Jordan and Iraq as Mandates- a lease • France was given Lebanon and Syria as mandates.

5. Russia • Finland, Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania and the Ukraine - to be independent • Did not gain from Versailles

6. Europe in 1919

7. The Collapse of the Old Order- The Lost Generation • Europe was destroyed: • Economically- The cost of WWI bankrupt Europe • Socially- huge populations of men killed, • Politically- Revolutions all over Europe • American writers and artists in Europe captured the negative attitude of the survivors of Europe. • Called the “Lost Generation” by author Gertrude Stein

8. The Collapse of the Old Order- Colonial Movement • Germany lost all foreign colonies to France and England • Wilson’s idea of Self-Determination gave rise to Nationalist movements in Africa, the Middle East, Latin America, and Asia

9. The World After WWI

10. Road to Totalitarianism

11. Keeping the Peace- Economic Solutions • Problem One- The Versailles Treaty punished the Germans with war reparations they could not pay. • Problem Two- England and France had difficulty recovering from the war, because they relied on Germany for funding. • Solution- The Dawes Plan: Reduced the level of German reparations

12. The Dawes Plan (1924)

13. Keeping the Peace- New Alliances • The Lorcano Treaties: Set up the boundaries for France, Germany, and Belgium. Also set up alliances between France, Poland and Czechoslovakia

14. Locarno Pact: 1925 Austin Chamberlain (Br.) GustaveStresemann(Ger.) AristideBriand(Fr.) • Guaranteed the common boundaries of Belgium, France, and Germany as specified in the Treaty of Versailles of 1919. • Germany signed treaties with Poland and Czechoslovakia, agreeing to change the eastern borders of Germany by arbitration only.

15. The Great Depression [1929-1941] London in 1930 Paris in 1930

16. Threat to Peace- The Great Depression • 1929: The U.S. stock market, overpriced and overvalued crashed. US bankers called in loans from Germany, England and France. • The US economy collapsed due to high spending and defaulted loans from Europe,

17. European Debts to the United States

18. Threat to Peace- Totalitarianism • After WWI there was a rise in totalitarian governments, in the USSR, Italy, and Germany • Totalitarian: a government in which a one-party dictatorship regulates every part of citizens lives.

19. Signs of a Totalitarian Gov’t. • Non-democratic • Uses modern technology- radio, movies etc. . • Grew in poor economic/social conditions • Army & civilians geared to one goal: VICTORY • The whole population forced to sacrifice & increasingly under gov’t control

21. Example: The Soviet Union

22. Josef Stalin (Man of Steel) • an opponent of Trotsky • Took over the Soviet Union in 1924 • wanted to modernize & industrialize the USSR • 5 yr. Plans- a series of plans to industrialize the USSR • Collectivization- all farms owed and controlled by the government. People forced to work in the farms. • Great Purges- mass executions of political opponents

23. Threat to Peace- Fascism • Fascism: a political system that takes power through violence, propaganda and nationalism. • Created by Benito Mussolini

24. Benito Mussolini [1883-1945]

25. Threat to Peace- Storm Clouds • 1. In 1919, Benito Mussolini formed the Fascist party out of angry WWI veterans and social reformers. • In 1922: Mussolini’s Black Shirts march on Rome in an attempted coup. Mussolini’s Fascist party took power in Italy • By 1925: Mussolini became Il Duce – the Leader

26. In 1922: Mussolini’s Black Shirts march on Rome in an attempted coup. • Mussolini’s Fascist party took power in Italy • By 1925: Mussolini became Il Duce – the Leader

27. March on Rome [1922]

29. Il Duce

30. Threat to Peace- German Problems • 1. 1919: The Germans set up the Weimar Republic- a democratic government. The Weimar Republic was weak and financially poor. • 2. High Unemployment, starvation, threats of Communist revolution

31. The “Stabbed-in-the-Back” Theory Disgruntled German WWI veterans

32. Threat to Peace- The Austrian Corporal • Adolf Hitler was born in April 20, 1889 • He fought in WWI and hated the Weimar Republic that signed the Versailles Treaty • In 1919 he joined the National Socialist German Workers Party (Nazis) • In 1923: Hitler attempted to take over the city of Munich and failed, sentenced to 5 years in prison.

33. The Beer Hall Putsch: 1923

34. Threat to Peace- Rise to Power • 1. While in prison Hitler wrote Mein Kampf- his ideas about the “Aryan” race. • 2. After his release from prison, Hitler focused on gaining power in Germany • 3. In 1933, the Nazis gained several seats in the German Parliament and Hitler was named Chancellor of Germany.

35. Threat to Peace- Hitler’s Germany • 1. Beginning in 1933, Hitler started to rebuild Germany’s military power, which improved the Economy • 2. He attempted to influence the German people through art, music, literature and other forms of propaganda.