Towards Carbon Neutrality: HSBC Partnership in Environmental Innovation

1. Keith Tovey (杜伟贤) M.A., PhD, CEng, MICE, CEnv • Energy Science Director: • HSBC Director of Low Carbon Innovation • School of Environmental Sciences CRed Towards Carbon Neutrality: HSBC Partnership in Environmental Innovation Decarbonising Culture Newcastle: November 23rd 2006

2. Education Cultural Behavioural Climate Resources Management Earth Systems CO2 Geology Economic Legislative Political Technical today Issues to consider

3. The Climate Dimension Index 1960 = 100 Thermal Comfort is important: Even in ideal environment 2.5% of people will be too cold and 2.5% will be too hot. Estimate heating and cooling requirements from Degree Days Heating requirements are ~10+% less than in 1960 Cooling requirements are 75% higher than in 1960. Changing norm for clothing from a business suite to shirt and tie will reduce “clo” value from 1.0 to ~ 0.6. To a safari suite ~ 0.5. Equivalent thermal comfort can be achieved with around 0.15 to 0.2 change in “clo” for each 1 oC change in internal environment.

4. The Transport Dimension: Behavioural Issues • Car: 5 door Toyota Yaris • Real performance is best at ~ 50 mph. Saves up to 15% in fuel consumption cf 70 mph. • Driver 1 has a fuel consumption 8% higher over mid range of speeds • Driver behaviour trials at Banham Poultry • Driver behaviour affects performance • Driver 2 uses 13.8% more fuel Yaris: Journey Norwich to Newcastle & return Driver 2 would save ~ 10+% or 4+ litres of petrol Extra time per journey < 20 minutes

5. The Transport Dimension: Cultural Issues www.liftshare.com • Distance each tonne has travelled has increased by: • 223% since 1960 • 20% since 1990 • Is this increase in movement of freight conducive to optimum economic growth, energy security, and carbon reduction? Car travel (2004 statistics): • 679 billion passenger kilometres • 398 billion vehicle kilometres Average occupancy 1.71. (cf 1.81 in 1980) Raising occupancy to 1980 level would save 3.71 Mtonnes CO2 Raising occupancy to 2 would save 9.9 Mtonnes CO2

6. The Transport Dimension: Cultural IssuesPersonal Mobility: Does Public Transport reduce car travel? UK UK D D UK D More use of car > more total distance travelled. Greater distance by train > greater use of car. Compare UK with Germany switch UK car journeys to public transport at German levels. CO2saving by train 1.01 M tonnes CO2 saving by bus 0.74 M tonnes Reducing mobility desire 9.22 M tonnes Suggests overriding issue is increased desire for mobility in UK rather than significant switching of mode of transport.

7. The Transport Dimension: Cultural Issues Providing Public with more information • Impact of carbon emissions • Petrol receipt from Denmark • Individuals often go for budget airlines for the cheap weekend break in Europe. Is this rational? • e.g. Paris for weekend break Prices as per respective WEB Sites on 19th Sept. 2006

8. The Transport Dimension: UEA’s performance • Analysis of Journeys made by Researchers in School of Environmental Sciences (November 2005). • Total accountable travel (Nov 2005) = 127326 km Total accountable CO2 (Nov 2005) = 13.93 t For UEA for whole year ~ 1335 t Alternative estimate ~ 1424 t

9. The Transport Dimension: Accounting Issues • Should University be debited with Gross Emission or Incremental Emission? • Example - Journey Norwich to London • By car ~ 31 kg CO2 • A train consumes 2600kWh and emits 1350 kg CO2 • With average passenger loading > 6.9 kg per passenger • a saving of 24.1kg? • But train still runs and if journey is not made reduction in CO2 emitted for the journey is 0.44kg • i.e. the true saving from choice for UEA is 31 – 0.44 or 30.5 kg • Who should account for public transport emissions? • Should an organisation merely be debited with the incremental Emission • What are the boundaries? Society as a whole???

10. UEA Carbon Dioxide emissions • UEA is penalised under EU-ETS for generating its own electricity on site. • Travel element based on survey in November 2005 of auditable travel. Assumes gross emission for train travel Travel Imported Electricity Gas

11. UEA Space Heating Energy Requirements 2001 - 2006 • Heat Energy delivered increased by 16.5% However • 2005 – 06 was 13.0% colder than 2001 – 02 • Floor area increased by 16.7% over period • Heating Energy consumption per unit area normalised for climate reduced by 12% or 2.6% per annum

12. UEA Electricity Generation and Imports 2001 - 2006 Year runs from August - July Demand for Heat is low in summer: plant cannot be used effectively More electricity could be generated in summer CO2 emissions from electricity imports As fuel mix for generation has changed, CO2 emissions are even worse

13. UEA Electricity Imports 2001 - 2006

14. The Technical Dimension: Tackling Carbon Reduction in 2005 - 2006 Load Factor of CHP Plant at UEA A 1 MW adsorption Chiller • Adsorption Heat pump uses Waste Heat from CHP • Provides most of chilling requirements in summer • Reduces electricity demand in summer • Increases electricity generated locally • Estimated to save 500 – 700 tonnes Carbon Dioxide annually

15. The Management Dimension: UEA Heat Demand • Good Management will analyse data and use bands to identify anomalous behaviour. • Management Quality Index 1 – standard deviation/mean 0% - very poor control 100% - perfect control • UEA: Low amount of scatter Management Quality index: 88% • Office in Norwich: 72% • Other Offices in East Anglia: 57%, 69%.

16. Conclusions • Many facets need tackling on road to Carbon Reduction • Technology alone will not be sufficient A necessary and important first step • Behavioural and Cultural Issues need to be addressed • Methodological Issues relating to Boundaries exist in carbon accounting in many areas • UEA has made strides by making noticeable reductions in carbon intensity, but continuation of effort is required. "If you do not change direction, you may end up where you are heading." LaoTzu (604-531 BC) Chinese Artist and Taoist philosopher