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Imperial China

Imperial China. 221 B.C. – 1911 A.D. China before Qin Dynasty. The “Yellow Emperor” Xia and Shang Dynasties 2070 B.C. - 1046 B.C. Zhou Dynasty 1046 B.C. - 256 B.C. “Spring and Autumn” period 770 B.C. - 476 B.C. Confucius. born in 551 B.C. died in 479 B.C. In China Today. Confucianism.

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Imperial China

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  1. Imperial China 221 B.C. – 1911 A.D.

  2. China before Qin Dynasty • The “Yellow Emperor” • Xia and Shang Dynasties • 2070 B.C. - 1046 B.C. • Zhou Dynasty • 1046 B.C. - 256 B.C. • “Spring and Autumn” period • 770 B.C. - 476 B.C.

  3. Confucius • born in 551 B.C. • died in 479 B.C.

  4. In China Today

  5. Confucianism • Concerned primarily with restoring social stability and order • a system of social and ethical philosophy • li • rituals, norms, institutions, or mores • ren • humaneness, kindness, benevolence, or virtue

  6. Five Relationships • father-child • ruler-subject • husband-wife • elder brother-younger brother • friend-friend

  7. Qin Dynasty • 221 B.C. - 206 B.C. • Qin Shi Huangdi • unified China • built a centralized bureaucratic apparatus • prefectures and counties • persecuted Confucianism • Han Dynasty (206 B.C. – 220 A.D.) promoted Confucianism as state ideology

  8. Civil Service Exam System • 605 A.D. to 1905 A.D. • composition based on Confucian classics

  9. Ming Dynasty (1368 - 1644)

  10. China’s Tributary System • Traditional system for managing foreign relations • The ``Middle Kingdom” worldview • Ming dynasty had the most extensive tributary system • tributes from East Asia, South Asia, Southeast Asia, and even West Asia and Africa

  11. Qing Dynasty (1644 - 1912) • Ming dynasty fell in 1644 amid peasant uprisings and Manchu invasion • Manchu and Han Chinese

  12. Ming and Qing Emperors

  13. Mandate of Heaven

  14. Western invasions (1839-1900) • Opium War (1839 - 1842) • The Second Opium War (1856 - 1860) • Russia’s territorial gains • Northeast China (1858 - 1860) • Northwest China (1881 - 1884) • Sino-French War (1883 - 1885) • Sino-Japanese War (1894 - 95) • 8-nation forces (1900)

  15. The Treaty System • large amount of indemnity • dozens of treaty ports open to foreign • trade • gunboats • missionaries • territorial losses • tariffs

  16. Weakness fully exposed • Sino-Japanese War of 1894 - 1895 • Chinese navy destroyed • Taiwan ceded to Japan • large indemnity • most-favored-nation • more treaty ports • Korea • start of Japanese empire

  17. The scramble for concessions

  18. The scramble for answers • radicalization of domestic politics • the “Hundred Days of Reform” in 1898 • ambitious reform program • examination system • bureaucracy • modernization • suppressed by conservatives in Qing court • reformist leaders fled to Japan

  19. The Boxer Uprising in 1900 • Peasants in Northern China • support from high officials of Qing court • destruction of anything foreign • siege of the legation quarter in Beijing

  20. 8-nation forces invaded Beijing • Harsh settlement • station troops in Beijing • huge indemnity • Russian troops in Manchuria • until 1905

  21. Imperialism in China

  22. Radicalization of politics status quo modern monarchy Qing court Reformers Peasants Revolutionaries republic pre-1841 China Marxism? nationalism?

  23. Legacies of Imperial Era • enormous size • ideological and moral commitment • strong personal leadership at the apex • nationwide governing bureaucracies • merit-based civil service exam system • combination of executive and judicial power • low status of merchants • culturalism (civilization) v. nationalism

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