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MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS. Year 12 Health and Human Development. What are the MDGs?.
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MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOALS Year 12 Health and Human Development
What are the MDGs? In September 2000, many of the world’s leaders came together at the United Nations headquarters in New York and formalised the United Nations Millennium Declaration. This declaration has been approved by 189 countries. These countries recognise the importance for ALL countries to develop global partnerships that aim to reduce extreme poverty by 2015 through achieving set targets for each of the 8 goals.
The MDGs There are 8 Millennium Development Goals Each goal has a PURPOSE, REASONS WHY IT IS IMPORTANT, TARGETS (what the world leaders hope to achieve by the year 2015), WAYS TO MEASURE THE PROGRESS OF THESE TARGETS (eg. Literacy rate of males and females aged15-24 years old) and CURRENT PROGRESSION GRAPHS.
Goal 1: Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger Purpose of Goal 1: The purpose of goal 1 is to reduce the level of poverty within developing countries through the development of strategies to promote employment opportunities, particularly for women and young people. With greater employment opportunities and income earning capacity, it is expected that there will be a reduction in the number of people suffering from hunger.
Goal 1: Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger The reasons why Goal 1 is important: For individuals and families living in poverty, they may be unable to afford food, water, adequate housing, health care and education. For a country, high levels of poverty reduces the capacity for the government to collect taxes that can be used to provide essential infrastructure such as clean water supplies, basic health care and educational opportunities. This would increase a country’s morbidity and mortality rates (due to diarrhoeal diseases and HIV/AIDS for example). By providing opportunities for full and productive employment, the proportion of people living in poverty will decline. An income will allow an individual to purchase nutritious foods, therefore reducing the proportion of people suffering hunger and malnutrition. Nutritious foods are important for building children’s immune systems and ensuring optimal health status. Hunger significantly impacts on health and human development. Malnutrition is estimated to be the underlying cause of more than 1/3 of all child deaths in the world. Improved health will allow people to develop to their full potential and lead productive lives as they are physically capable.
What is this graph telling us? Compare the proportion of employed people living below $1 a day in the Sub-Saharan Africa region and Southern Asia region (use statistics, dates etc) Compare developed and developing countries. Which region has made the greatest progress?
What is this graph telling us? Compare the proportion of working-age men and women that are employed in the Western Asia region (use statistics, genders etc) Compare developed and developing countries (use data)
How does making progress towards goal number 1 impact upon health? AND Human Development?
Goal 2: Achieve universal primary education • Education is the most significant influence on helping people escape from the mire of poverty. • Improvements have been seen in the enrolment numbers of children attending primary school throughout the world’s poorer countries. • In the MDG Report 2008, evidence was shown that the proportion of children in developing countries who had completed primary education rose from 79% in 1999 to 85% in 2006. • While achieving primary education is a significant milestone for many children in developing countries, and directly reduces the number of people living in poverty, ultimately children also need a secondary education.
Reason why Goal 2 is important • Education promotes literacy, which leads to greater employment opportunities, therefore increasing levels of income. This in turn improves the individual’s ability to access adequate nutrition, shelter and health care (not only for themselves but for their family members also). • Those who are educated are more likely to understand health-related information (such as boiling water before drinking and washing hands after going to the toilet– to reduce the risk of diarrhoeal diseases, using condoms to prevent HIV/AIDS, and using bed nets to reduce the risk of Malaria). • By achieving primary education for all children, there are increased opportunities for them to improve their standard of living as they will have the literacy and numeracy skills which are essential for employment. They are more able to develop to their full potential and lead productive and creative lives as they have enhanced their capabilities.
What is this graph telling us? • Which region has the greatest % of children: • Out of school? • Gaining secondary education? • Gaining primary education? 3) Compare the differences between developed and developing countries. 4) Why is education important for the economic development of a country? 5) Select two of the following factors and explain how they contribute to low school enrolment and high drop-out rates, particularly for girls: • Drought • Food shortages • Armed conflict • Poverty • Child labour • HIV/AIDS
Describe the progress that has been made in Africa? (use statistics to help/dates/years…) • Compare the progress between developing and developed countries from 1991- 2006. • Which region has made the greatest progress?
How does making progress towards goal number 2 impact upon health? AND Human Development?
UNIVERSAL PRIMARY EDUCATION Increased ability to read and understand health promotion messages such as the importance of hygiene (washing hands after going to the toilet). Decrease risk of contracting diarrhoeal diseases such as typhoid and cholera (physical health) Improves literacy and numeracy skills Increased knowledge and greater skills for employment opportunities in the future; allowing them to develop to their full potential (HD) Leads to an increased ability to live life to full potential and enhancing capabilities and expanding choices for employment (HD)
Goal 3: Promote gender equity and empower women • While there has been some increases in the number of girls attending schools in developing countries, the fact still remains that as of 2008, girls accounted for 55% of the out-of-school population. • Females are generally less likely than males to have access to education. Education has the ability to empower women: it enables them to access higher paid employment and work in jobs that are less likely to impact negatively n their health. • It is important for women to develop their knowledge regarding health-related behaviour, including the skills to be able to read and understand health information, as women are traditionally the primary caregivers of families. • Numeracy and literacy learnt at school may also assist women in developing a personal business. With a greater income, women are able to exert more control over their lives and make decisions tat are in their best interest.
Reasons why Goal 3 is important: • Females generally lack access to education. Education can empower women and provide opportunities to access higher paid employment and work in jobs that are less likely to negatively impact on their health (such as prostitution or water collecting). • Women are often the primary caregivers of families, education will enable development of knowledge regarding health-related behaviours, such as breastfeeding and boiling water before drinking which would reduce rates of disease (morbidity) and strengthen the immune systems of their children. • As women are often the primary caregivers of families they will be able to pass on their skills and knowledge to their children. • Education assists women develop a personal business. With greater income they are able to have greater control over their lives and make decisions that are in their best interest and those of their family.
How does making progress towards goal number 3 impact upon health? AND Human Development? Clip
GENDER EQUALITY Increased knowledge of safe sex practices; use of condoms. Decrease in HIV/AIDS prevalence and mortality rates from HIV/AIDS (Health/health status) Increased literacy and numeracy skills Education increases employment opportunities by enhancing capabilities (such as literacy and numeracy) - HD Leads to expanded choices in life and ability to develop to full potential (HD) Increased income results in increased GDP/GNI of country.
Goal 4: Reduce child mortality • As reported in MDG 2008, a child born in a developing country is over 13 times more likely to die within the first 5 yrs of a life than a child born in an industrialised/developed country. • Highest mortality rates are seen in children who come from rural and poor families. • Measles, malaria, diarrhoea and pneumonia are the main causes of childhood deaths though they can be prevented through basic health services such as vaccinations, oral rehydration therapy and insecticide-treated mosquito nets.
Preventable diseases • Measles (through vaccination) • Diarrhoeal diseases (through access to safe water and sanitation and good personal hygiene) • Malaria (barriers such as nets and reducing stagnant water) • Pneumonia (sneezing, coughing)
Reasons why Goal 4 is important: • A large % of deaths of children 5 are preventable and can be treated by existing inexpensive means. For example, vaccinations can reduce the number of deaths due to measles, good hygiene/sanitary practices can reduce the deaths due to diarrhoeal diseases and antibiotics can treat pneumonia). • Investing the the health of children is crucial for lifting countries out of poverty. Children are the future of the global community and country’s economy. • Spending money on child health initiatives is more cost effective because of the reductions made in spending on social welfare and increased productivity of young people and adults.
Identify three trends in the data. • Which region has made the greatest improvement towards vaccinations? • Which region has made the least improvement to vaccinations? • Explain the implications of not receiving vaccinations to a child’s health. • Explain the implications of vaccinations to human development. • Based on the data provided, how much progress has been made in this area?
Identify three trends in the data. • Which region has made the greatest improvement to U5 mortality rate? • Which region has made the least improvement to U5 mortality rates? • Based on the data provided, how much progress has been made in this area? • Describe some strategies that are working to improve U5 mortality rates.
How does making progress towards goal number 4 impact upon health? AND Human Development?
REDUCE CHILD MORTALITY Can go to primary school and become educated (enhance their literacy and numeracy capabilities) – (HD) Children aren’t sick and are still alive and can participate within the life of their community by going to school – (HD) Decrease U5MR – (HS) Increase in skills and knowledge- Leads to an increase in choices in life , such as employment opportunities and ability to lead a creative and productive life - HD Increases GDP/GNI of country
GOAL 5: Improve Maternal Health • Provide women with the appropriate information and care to promote health prior to, during and following childbirth. • Reducing the risk of complications during pregnancy and childbirth significantly reduces the maternal mortality rate. • Providing access to reproductive health services means that women are better able to take care of themselves and their children through advice and treatment. • One of the main contributing factors to the high rates of maternal mortality in developing countries is the high proportion of adolescent pregnancies. The young mother can miss out on schooling prospects and potential income-earning opportunities.
Reasons why Goal 5 is important: • Maternal health is important for mother and child. Reducing complications during pregnancy and childbirth reduces maternal mortality rate which maximises the health of the mother and enables them to continue to be the primary caregiver. This will reduce the number of children who are orphaned and also reduce the U5MR from preventable causes such as malnutrition. • Having access to reproductive health services (such as contraceptives and family planning) means that women can take care of themselves and their children through seeking advice and treatment, as well as being able to plan the timing and spacing of births to reduce the injury rates associated with close pregnancies.Poor maternal health impacts negatively on the health status of babies and children. • Having access to contraceptives and understanding how to use them will reduce the number of unwanted pregnancies. This will mean less women will seek for an abortion (which in developing countries are often performed in unhygienic conditions and by unqualified people and can result in haemorrhaging and death).
Target 1: Reduce by three-quarters, between 1990 and 2015, the maternal mortality ratio • There are five direct causes of maternal deaths: haemorrhage (excessive bleeding), sepsis (whole body infection), unsafe abortion, obstructed labour(Fistula can occur) and hypertensive disease during pregnancy. If pregnant women have access to prenatal care and obstetric care, many of these deaths could be prevented. Having prenatal care and obstetric care could prevent many of these conditions • As a result of high maternal mortality rates in developing countries, more than one million children are orphaned and are at greater risk of premature death from preventable causes such as malnutrition. Ninety-nine per cent of maternal deaths occur in developing countries, with the vast majority occurring in sub-Saharan Africa and Southern Asia.
Target 2: Achieve, by 2015, universal access to reproductive health • In developing countries, many women and young girls of reproductive age do not have access to contraceptives or family-planning services, which are important for allowing individuals to plan the number of children they have and the spacing and timing of births. Family planning can have a positive impact on women's physical health and ensure the family is financially able to meet the needs of an additional child. • A lack of access to reproductive health services means that pregnant women do not have an understanding of the importance of prenatal, which impacts significantly on the health of the mother as well as the baby.
Success vs. Failure Success: • In countries such as Jamaica, Malaysia, Sri Lanka, Thailand and Tunisia, significant declines in maternal mortality have occurred as more women have gained access to family planning and skilled birth attendance with backup emergency obstetric care. • In 2006, nearly 61 per cent of births in the developing world were attended by skilled health personnel, up from less than half in 1990.
Success vs. Failure • the proportion of women in developing countries who received skilled assistance during delivery increased from 53 per cent in 1990 to 63 per cent in 2008. • a greater proportion of women in rural areas are receiving skilled assistance during delivery. For example, in Southern Asia, urban women were three times more likely than rural women to receive professional care at childbirth in 1990. • In sub-Saharan Africa, the proportion of women living in urban areas who received antenatal care at least once increased from 84 per cent in 1990 to 89 per cent in 2008. For women in rural areas, the increase was from 55 per cent in 1990 to 66 per cent in 2008.
Success vs. Failure Failure: • However, not all areas are progressing well the decline has been very slow, or there have been marginal increases precisely in the regions where adolescent fertility is highest, such as sub-Saharan Africa. (see graph on next slide) • Every year, an estimated 19 million unsafe abortions take place in the developing world, resulting in some 68,000 deaths. • Less than half of the women giving birth in sub-Saharan Africa and Southern Asia are attended by skilled health-care workers
Success vs. Failure • poverty and lack of access to schooling contribute to high rates of adolescent pregnancy, which puts young people's health at risk and reduces their opportunities to gain employment and advance socially and economically • although contraceptive use has increased over the last decade, the increases are lower than in the 1990s. By 2007, only 62 per cent of women who were married or in a relationship were using some form of contraception. • contraceptive use is four times higher among women with a secondary education than among those with no education. Negligible progress has been seen in contraceptive use for women in the poorest households and without an education between 2000 and 2010.
ACTIVITY TIME!! • Identify three trends in the data. • Which region has made the greatest improvement to maternal deaths? Use data to explain • Which region has made the least improvement to maternal deaths? Use data to explain
How does making progress towards goal number 5 impact upon health? AND Human Development?
