US History

1. US History Standard 2: Westward Expansion

2. February 18th • What was Jefferson’s stance on the Constitution? • If you were president, how would you “appeal to the common man?”

3. Test corrections- back tomorrow!! • ½ points back

4. Get Off “My” Land

5. Standard 2 • Standard USHC-2: The student will demonstrate an understanding of how economic developments and the westward movement impacted regional differences and democracy in the early nineteenth century.

6. USHC-2.1 Summarize the impact of the westward movement on nationalism and democracy, including the expansion of the franchise, the displacement of Native Americans from the southeast and conflicts over states’ rights and federal power during the era of Jacksonian democracy as the result of major land acquisitions such as the Louisiana Purchase, the Oregon Treaty, and the Mexican Cession.

7. Enduring Understanding • Political conflict is often the result of competing social values and economic interests. To understand how different perspectives based on differing interests and backgrounds led to political conflict in antebellum United States.

8. Focus Questions • How was Jackson different from previous presidents? • Provide three examples of how western expansion increased tensions around the nation.

9. Westward Expansion • Westward Expansion both intensified nationalism and exacerbated sectionalism as competing regional interests agreed on expansion but differed on policies of the federal government such as cheap land, internal improvements, the support for industry through tariff policy, and the expansion of slavery.

10. Louisiana Purchase • Jefferson pursued the purchase of Louisiana, despite him being conflicted over the constitutionality of such a purchase. • Jefferson’s loose interpretation of the elastic clause of the Constitution set the precedent for future land acquisitions and secured control of the Mississippi River as a highway for American agricultural products from the old Northwest through the port of New Orleans to world markets.

11. Napoleon sold the Louisiana Territory and New Orleans to the United States on April 30, 1803 for $15 Million.

13. Spread of Democracy • The Louisiana Territory also provided additional government owned land available for purchase which insured the spread of democracy.

14. ` • In 1819 John Quincy Adams used ongoing boarder negotiations with Spain to acquire Florida, and set the western boarder of the Louisiana Territory.

15. “Universal” Suffrage • The right to vote, originally opened to property owners, was enjoyed by most American males as the government sold land at increasingly cheaper prices. • In the 1820s and 1830s, states dropped the property qualification and expanded the franchise to all white males and specifically disenfranchised African American property owners.

16. Western Politics • The first president elected from the West was Andrew Jackson, a Democrat and self described champion of the common man.

17. The Native American “Problem” • Westward expansion strengthened the Democratic Party. • As Americans moved west, they continued the displacement of the Native Americans • President Andrew Jackson announced a formal policy of removal of natives to the west to make room for opportunity for the common white man.

18. Native Americans of the southeast responded to this encroachment through both resistance (Seminoles in Florida) and assimilation (Cherokee in Georgia). • The Seminoles were defeated and the Cherokee eventually lost their legal fight to retain their lands.

19. Trail of Tears • Native Americans of the southeast were forced to move to the Indian Territory in Oklahoma in the late 1830s.

20. Human Property, Families Split • The westward movement also had an adverse impact on enslaved African Americans as slave owners took only part of their slaves with them on the trek west and left the rest of a slave family behind.

21. Nullification Crisis • The increasing economic differences and the growing conflict between the North and the South over the right to extend slavery to the territories led to a conflict between states’ rights and federal power in the nullification crisis of the 1830s.

22. High Tariffs • Northern manufacturers favored a high tariff that would protect their growing industries from foreign competition. • Southerners, as producers of cash crops and consumers of manufactured goods, wanted those goods to be available at a cheaper price.

23. Tariff Null and Void • The West sided with the North in order to get support from the Northern states for their favored issues, internal improvements and ever cheaper land prices. In the 1830s, South Carolina used the states’ rights argument to declare the tariff null and void.

24. President Andrew Jackson was determined to uphold the right of the federal government to collect the tariff. • A compromise reduced the tariff.

25. This compromise led South Carolina to rescind their nullification of the tariff but not to reject the right of the state to nullify an act of Congress. • The immediate threat to the Union was averted.

26. Land Grab • The United States’ claim to Oregon was based on the explorations of Lewis and Clark which took them beyond the boundaries of the Louisiana Purchase to the Pacific Ocean.

27. Americans had moved to the Oregon Territory in order to trade furs and farm. • The area was also claimed by the British with whom the U.S. had joint occupation rights until a treaty was negotiated in the 1840s.

28. Texas was acquired through annexation of the Republic of Texas nine years after American-born Texans had declared and won their independence from Mexico.

29. Westward movement impacted the relations between the regions as Southerners sought to protect their ‘peculiar institution’ by pushing for the expansion of slavery and would ultimately threaten national unity in the Civil War.

30. Answering Focus Questions • Use more than a few words, justify each response, star the line or bullet you got it from • Do not look back at your notes • If you cannot answer the question- highlight the question, look back at your notes, then answer • You must be honest with yourself in what you do and do not know!!!

31. February 19th • How was Jackson different from previous presidents? • Provide three examples of how western expansion increased tensions around the nation.

32. February 19 • What was Jefferson’s dilemma? • Did he have the power to do it? Explain.

33. …against all enemies, foreign and domestic…

34. Standard 2 • Standard USHC-2: The student will demonstrate an understanding of how economic developments and the westward movement impacted regional differences and democracy in the early nineteenth century. • USHC-2.2 Explain how the Monroe Doctrine and the concept of Manifest Destiny affected the United States’ relationships with foreign powers, including the role of the United States in the Texan Revolution and the Mexican War.

35. Enduring Understanding • Political conflict is often the result of competing social values and economic interests. To understand how different perspectives based on differing interests and backgrounds led to political conflict in antebellum United States

36. Focus Questions • Why did the United States create the Monroe Doctrine? • How did the Monroe Doctrine affect United States foreign policy? • How did other nations view the Monroe Doctrine? • What impact did it have on the Mexican War?

37. The Monroe Doctrine • The Doctrine was written by President James Monroe in 1823 • The Monroe Doctrine simply put is that the American continents were off limits to future colonization by any Europeanpower. • In reality the US would not have been able to back it up due to a weak military.

38. Wars and Trade • Due to the early 19th century wars of liberation in South America ended their mercantilist relationship with Spain, Great Britain established strong trade ties with Latin America.

39. Great Britain wanted to protect its lucrative trade and encouraged the US to join Britain in opposing any reestablishment of colonial claims.

40. Empty Threat? • President Monroe warnedEuropean nations not to attempt to reestablish those colonial claims. • American military power was very limited in the early 19th century and the enforcement of the Monroe Doctrine primarily depended on the British navy.

41. Long Term Resentment • The Monroe Doctrine would be used in the late19th and the early 20th centuries as a basis for United States involvement in Latin American affairs by Presidents Roosevelt, Taft and Wilson.

42. Manifest Destiny • Manifest Destiny was a phrase coined in the 1800s, but was an idea that had predominated American thought since the first settlers. • It is the belief that Americans had a God-given right to all the land of the North American continent. • It was based on an ethnocentric confidence that other peoples were less favored by divine providence and should give way before the Americans.

43. Deal Struck • The United States was willing to make a treaty with Great Britain and accept less territory than originally claimed in the Oregon territory. • Supporters of the Oregon territory claimed the boundary between US and Canada should be the 54 degree 40’line. • Polk’ssupporters slogan “fifty-four forty or fight”

44. Mexico invites U.S. Citizens • Many Americans moved into Texas at the invitation of the Mexican government to have more land for cotton and slavery. • The conditions for that invitation included that the Texans would obey the laws of Mexico.

45. “Deep In the Heart of Texas” • When the Mexican government outlawed slavery, the Texans revolted and won their independence however the Mexicans did not recognize Texan independence. • The annexation of Texas to the United States was delayed in order to avoid the controversy that the addition of the new slave state would raise and Texas remained independent for almost a decade.

46. Don’t ‘Polk’ Him • Manifest Destiny became a rallying cry for the election of James Polk in 1844 and Texas was annexed by joint resolution of Congress shortly thereafter. • President Polk sent soldiers to Mexico to offer to purchase additional Mexican territory but his offer was denied.

47. Polk sent American troops into a region that was disputed between Texas and Mexico. • The Mexicans interpreted this as a hostile act. Shots were fired and President Polk interpreted that action as an act of war. • In the war, U.S. forces penetrated deeply into Mexican territory and took Mexico City.

48. In the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, the US acquired land that today includes the states of California, Utah, Nevada, New Mexico, Arizona, Colorado, and Wyoming.

49. Answering Focus Questions • Use more than a few words, justify each response, star the line or bullet you got it from • Do not look back at your notes • If you cannot answer the question- highlight the question, look back at your notes, then answer • You must be honest with yourself in what you do and do not know!!!

50. Focus Questions • Why did the United States create the Monroe Doctrine? • How did the Monroe Doctrine affect United States foreign policy? • How did other nations view the Monroe Doctrine? • What impact did it have on the Mexican War? • Finish coloring and labeling map!