Ancient Greece

1. Ancient Greece

3. GEOGRAPHY OF GREECE • Greece: • Mountainous peninsula in Western Mediterranean Sea • 2,000 islands within Ionian and Aegean Seas. • 1. SEA: • “They did not live on land but rather around the sea” • Used the seas around them as travel ways between themselves and other societies • Trade was essential: Greece lacks natural resources

5. 2. LAND: • 80% of land almost unlivable: Rocky Terrain • Result: Divided up land=divided up government • Few roads on land, relied on sea • 1/4 on the land farmable • A lot of small streams: not good for irrigation • RESULTS: lack of fertile ground and fresh water=Greece’s inability to support a large population • 3. CLIMATE: • Varied temperature: 40s in winter, 80s in summer • Thus, outdoor lifestyle could be fostered

7. EARLY CIVILIZATIONS • MINOAN - Located on Island of Crete - Met w/Mycenae in 1500 BCE: war or trade? - RESULT: Mycenae see benefit of meeting their cultures: Mycenae then travel all over…became great sea traders! • Mycenae adapted Minoan writing, art, religion, politics, and literature

8. MYCENAEAN: • Came to Greece 2000BCE • Leading city: Mycenae • Fortified city! - What does this mean? • Ruled by a Warrior King • Strongest influence 1600-1100BCE • Sea travelers/traders • TROJAN WAR!!!- 10 year war with city of Troy (Anatolia)

9. DORIAN • Greek culture declines • 1200 BCE Doric people caused collapsed of Mycenaean culture • No written documents from 1150 BCE- 750 BCE • Homer: Iliad and Odyssey • Blind storyteller • Wrote of Trojan War: EPICS & MYTHS

10. Do Now: Answer the following questions… • In one paragraph summarize the manner in which • Geography influenced the development of Greek • civilizations. • We learn about about this early period from Epics, specifically • Homer’s famous poems the Illiad and Odyssey. Why might • His writings not be 100% accurate?

11. WARRING CITY-STATES • 750 BCE: Most Greeks lived in a Polis or City-state • In a polis • Agora: marketplace • ACROPOLIS: A fortified hilltop: temples, gov bds. • city center-village-farmland • Different forms of Gov’t • Monarchy: king (one) • Aristocracy: small group of elite: NOBILITY • Oligarchy: small group of powerful people • Tyranny: Diff. view compared today’s • people who seized the throne to appeal to ordinary people

12. ATHENS • Struggle between rich and poor led to: DEMOCRACY • DRACO’S CODE 621BCE: • equal- rich or poor • Death penalty applicable most crimes • Debt Slavery • EDUCATION: • BOYS: mostly the wealthy • prepared - good citizens • mind & body • GIRLS: not educated. Stayed in home w/ family

14. SPARTA • Sparta: 725 BCE: Sparta conquer Messenia • Messenians HELOTS!! • Danger of Helot revolt = MILITARY STATE

15. SPARTA VS. ATHENS S O C I E T Y

16. What was the Parthenon? The Parthenon was a white marble temple built in Athens in honor of Athena. It is considered the finest example of Greek Architecture. Where is most Greek Painting found today? Who was Praxiteles? How did Greek art glorify the human being? How did Greek art show pride in Greece’s City-States? The best preserved examples are found on vases. Greek vase painters illustrated scenes from everyday life as well as mythological events. Praxiteles was a Greek sculptor who sculpted figures that were more lifelike and natural in form and size than other sculptors before him.. Greek artists placed great importance on human qualities and actions. Their works often glorified human beings. Their artists also showed qualities like strength, intelligence, pride, grace and courage which were greatly admired by the Greeks Art was meant for public enjoyment, and the architecture and public buildings were meant to be a monument to the power and glory of the polis. What was the Acropolis? Where was it located? It was a high hill in the center of Athens. The Parthenon stood there as well as other important buildings and art works.

17. Athenian Reform

18. The Persian Wars • Persia wanted Greek poleis to expand empire • Wanted to punish Athens • Athens came to aid of Ionian city states • Darius, Persian emperor, sets eyes on Greece • Persians invade Greece in 490 BCE • 25,000 Persians vs 10,000 Athenians

20. Ancient Warfare • Greeks • Phalanx formation = Large shields & 9 ft. spears • Bronze shields, breastplates, helmets • Iron weapons, more affordable and plentiful • Persians • Shock and Awe strategy • Wicker shields & leather armor • 6 ft. wooden spears

21. Marathon • 490 BCE, Persians land at Marathon to Battle Greeks • Greeks win decisively, send messenger to Athens to send word of victory • Persians retreat after Navy cannot take city

23. Persia Tries Again • Xerxes, Darius’ son, now Persian Emperorin 480 BCE • The Battle of Thermopylae • 7000 Greeks vs 200,000 Persians • Greeks hold off Persians for 3 days • Persians found way behind Greek Lines • 300 Spartans stay behind to let Greeks escape

24. The Greek Victory • Xerxes burns Athens to the ground • The Battle of Salamis • Naval Battle in 480 BCE • Greeks stronger, faster ships defeat Persian fleet • 1/3 Persian Fleet sank • The Battle of Plataea • Decisive Greek land victory in 479 BCE • Permanently ends Persian offensive

25. The Dawn of a New Age • Greeks never again feared Persian Threat • New alliances were created • Delian League • Peloponnesian League • Freedom and confidence led to Golden Age

26. GOLDEN AGE • Period of Growth: drama, sculpture, poetry, philosophy, architecture • PERICLES: • Strengthen Athenian Democracy • Hold and strengthen the Empire • GLORIFY ATHENS!!! Ex: Parthenon • Direct Democracy: citizens rule directly-not through representatives

27. DELIAN LEAGUE: • Athens was lead city state • Sparta not part of it: Peloponnesus not in favor: Peloponnesian League • LEADS TO WAR: • THE PELOPONNESIAN WAR!!!

28. PHILOSOPHERS • Socrates: • “The unexamined life is not worth living” • Did not write down his thoughts • Most of what we know we learned from his student Plato

30. Plato: • Wrote The Republic • Believed only the intelligent should vote • Believed everything…even humans have an ideal form • Opened the Academy where his student Aristotle studied

31. Aristotle: • Opened a school: The Lyceum • Became dissatisfied with Plato’s teachings • The Academy taught mostly mathematical and philosophical courses • The Lyceum focused on biology and natural science • Taught Alexander the Great

32. The Peloponnesian War • Sparta Declares War: 431 BCE • Athens: NAVY • Pericles’ Strategy: avoid land battles and fight at sea • Sparta: ARMY • Strategy: located inland: can not be easily invaded by sea: want to fight on land

34. What Happened?: • Sparta marches into Athens, burns food supply • Athens get food from allies • PLAGUE hits Athens: kills 1/3 of population including: PERICLES!!!!!! • 421 BCE: Both sides call a truce • 415 BCE: Athens sends 20,000 soldiers to Sicily to destroy Syracuse, Sparta’s wealthiest ally • Sparta CRUSHED the Athenians! • Athens tried to keep fighting…within 9 years 404 BCE: their power, wealth, fleet, army, empire….all was lost!!!

35. An Athenian aristocrat, Thucydides proclaimed, “The Athenians were destroyed with a total destruction- their fleet, their army- there was nothing that was not destroyed, and few out of many returned home.” • After Peloponnesian War: Greece Weak and open to invasion

36. KING PHILIP II of MACEDONIA • Many Macedonians felt they were Greeks: feeling not shared • King at 23, he dreamt of taking Greece • He organized and trained a vast army • Stole many Greek military tactics: ex: Phalanx

37. Greek City-States: could not agree on policy/strategy • Athens and Thebes joined but were too late • 338 BCE: Philip conquers Greece at the Battle of Chaeronea • Ends Greek independence except on local issues • Greece under foreign power • 336 BCE King Philip dies:

38. ALEXANDER THE GREAT • King at 20 • Student of Aristotle

39. ALEXANDER WANTS PERSIA • 334 BC- leads 35,000 into Persian to fight 40,000 Persians. Alexander wins • King Darius III fights back with 75,000 • Alexander defeats Persians and King Darius III flees • Darius III tries to negotiate, Alexander wants all land

40. ALEXANDER’S INVASIONS • EGYPT: - Invades, wins, and creates Alexandria - Named Pharaoh

41. MESOPOTAMIA - Alexander invades - Darius III has 250,000 to fight - Alexander crushes Persians, Darius III flees….again - Alexander takes Persepolis, Persian capital • Alexander chased Darius…but one of his own men murdered Persian Emperor.

42. INDIA - 326BC- Alexander initially winning - men begged to go home - 11 years and 11,000 miles was enough • 323 BC Alexander returns to Babylon - Aims to unify empire and invade Arabia - Instead…gets sick…dies at 32 • Does NOT name an heir

45. GENERALS DIVIDE UP LAND - Antigonus: Macedonia and Greek City-States - Ptolemy: Egypt - Seleucus: Old Persian Kingdom

46. HELLENISTIC CULTURE • Alexander brought with him Greek Culture where ever he went. • Hellenistic Culture: the blend of Greek Culture with Egyptian, Persian, and Indian influences. • KOINE: common language • Alexandria: became center of commerce and Hellenistic Civilization. - had broad avenues lined with statues of Greek Gods, huge palaces, museum and library with a half million pieces of work in it.

47. Science and Technology: • Astronomy: museum had an observatory - Aristarchus correctly proposed that the planets revolved around the sun but Ptolemy placed Earth as the center of the solar system which was not refuted for 14 centuries. - Another closely estimated the size of Earth

48. Math and Physics: - Euclid: geometry - Archimedes- value of pi (π) • Philosophy and Art: - Stoicism and Epicureanism: 2 new forms of philosophy • Realism in Sculpture: more natural and less ideal EX: Colossus of Rhodes: largest sculpture of time - made of bronze - destroyed in earthquake, bronze sold for scrap - was one of seven wonders of ancient world

50. LEGACIES OF GREECE • ARTS: drama, classical art, painting, ideal form • CULTURE: language, myth, Olympics, Philosophy • SCIENCE AND TECH: sun and Earth, geometry, Earth’s size • GOVERNMENT: democracy, citizen’s role and rights • By 150 BC Hellenistic Culture was in decline: A new city was growing! ROME!!!!