Annual Causes of Death in the U.S. (2000)

1. Annual Causes of Death in the U.S. (2000) • Alcohol (excluding accidents/homocide) • Heart disease • Illegal drugs • Homicide • Suicide • Cancer • Tobacco • Prescription drugs • Car Crashes • Poor diet/physical inactivity

2. Annual causes of death in U.S. for the following: (predominantly-2006 data ) • Heart Disease 631,636 • Cancer 559,888 • Tobacco 435,000 • Poor diet/physical inactivity 365,000 • Prescriptions drugs 106,000 • Car crashes 43,000 • Suicide 33,300 • Alcohol (excluding accidents & homicides) 22,073 • Homicide 17,030 • Illegal drug use 17,000

3. MAIN AFFECTS OF DRUGS ON THE BRAIN • SPEED UP THE BRAIN AND BODY- STIMULANTS • SLOW DOWN THE BRAIN AND BODY – DEPRESSANTS • RELIEVE PAIN AND CAUSES EUPHORIA –NARCOTICS • CAUSE HALLUCINATIONS- PSYCHEDELICS

4. MOLDED CAST OF A REAL BRAIN 100 BILLION NEURONS PLUS ABOUT 1 TRILLION GLIAL SUPPORT CELLS.

5. NEURONS IN THE BRAIN

7. LIMBIC SYSTEM

9. fMRI (functional magnetic resonance imaging Brain scan showing where the brain is using oxygen High levels= orange/red/ yellow Low levels= blue/green

10. Red represents dopamine transmission through the midbrain. Dopamine transmission in the meth brain is significantly reduced.

11. PET SCAN –positron emission tomography • Measures brain activity by illustrating where brain glucose is being used.

12. SPECT SCAN • SINGLE PHOTON EMISSION COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY • CAPABLE OF PROVIDING INFORMATION ABOUT BLOOD FLOW TO TISSUE IN A 3-D FORMAT • BOTH PET SCAN AND SPECT SCAN WERE FIRST USED IN 1970s FOR RESEARCH • NOW USED TO DIAGNOSE DISEASE IN HUMANS

13. 3-D view Of the Top of A healthy brain

14. 3-D view of under- surface of a healthy brain

15. 20 years of heroin

16. 2 years on cocaine

17. 25 years on alcohol

19. BRAIN COMMUNICATION

20. DENDRITES (SHORT FIBERS) RECEIVE THE MESSAGE FROM A CELL WHICH IS SENT THROUGH THE CELL BODY AND THROUGH THE AXON (LONG FIBERS)

22. THE CHEMICAL MESSAGE IS THEN RECEIVED BY THE DENDRITE OF THE NEXT CELL WHICH TRIGGERS AN ELECTRICAL IMPULSE THROUGH THE RECEIVING CELL

23. ECSTASY DAMAGES COMMUNICATION OF NEURONS

26. Y-1 used in the 1990s • Prime • Summit • Lucky Strike • Richland • Raleigh XLP • Private Stock • Pall Mall Plain • Raleigh 100s

27. MARIJUANA Active ingredient in marijuana THC- delta – 9 tetrahydrocannabinol. Acts on cannabinoid receptors on neurons in these main parts of the brain: • hippocampus (memory) • cerebral cortex(thought processes and concentration) • sensory portions of cerebral cortex (perception)

28. Cerebellum ( movement, coordination) • When THC activates these cannabinoid receptors, it interferes with the normal functioning of these brain areas. • In low to medium doses marijuana causes: • Relaxation • Reduced coordination • Reduced blood pressure • Sleepiness • Disruption in attention • Altered sense of time and space

29. In high doses: • Hallucinations • Delusions • Impaired memory • Disorientation There is a substance called anandamide found in the brain which is like the brain’s own THC. Scientists are not sure of the function of anandamide in the brain. Believed to be involved in mood,memory, appetite, cognition and emotions.

30. 16 yr. old 2 yr.history Daily use 18 yr. old 3 yr. history 4 times a week MARIJUANA USE

31. 12 years on marijuana

32. Among neurotransmitters affected are norepinephrine and dopamine.

33. ALCOHOL • Alcohol, a depressant, shuts down the communication of neurons in the brain. • It affects vision, coordination, judgment, emotional control • BAC (blood alcohol level) affected by weight, food, stomach enzymes, how fast and how much you drink • Depth perception impaired • Night vision impaired

34. Indicators of alcoholism: • Drinking sprees • Steady increase in alcohol consumption • Morning drinking • Going to school or work drunk • Blackouts • Drinking whenever a crisis needs to be faced • Many alcoholics will have liver damage and brain damage.

35. Alcohol • Alcohol related crashed kill someone in the U.S. every 22 minutes. On the road, on any weekend, 1 out of 10 drivers is drunk. • Drunk drivers are responsible for ½ of highway fatal injuries. • Alcohol is involved in 2/3 of murders 2/3 of spouse beatings ½ of violent child abuse

36. 60% of all teen deaths in car accidents are alcohol related • Every 22 minutes someone dies of an alcohol related motor vehicle accident • On any given weekend evening, 1 in 10 drivers on U.S. roads has been drinking. • People who are drunk often think they are functioning well. • There are approximately 3 million teenage alcoholics and 14-16 million adult alcoholics.

37. COCAINE • RELEASES NEUROTRANSMITTER DOPAMINE, THEN PREVENTS THE REABSORPTION OF DOPAMINE • DEPLETION OF DOPAMINE CAUSES DEPRESSION INCREASED ANXIETY • INCREASED RISK OF BRAIN SEIZURES, HEART ATTACK, STROKE, RESPIRATORY FAILURE.

41. Guaranteed to cure any disease 1902 Sears Catalog

42. PCP- phencyclidine (angel dust) • A drug that is a hallucinogen, stimulant, and an anesthetic all in one. • It blocks the way some receptors communicate message from cell to cell • It can lead to euphoria, alleviate pain, disorganized thinking, aggressive behavior or passive behavior. • A major concern is the unpredictable nature of PCP from one person to the next.

43. AMPHETAMINEMETHAMPHETAMINE • Amphetamine first synthesized in Germany in 1887 • Nothing was really done with the drug until it was investigated for use in the 1920s Methamphetamine is more potent and was discovered in Japan in 1919

44. Illegal, clandestine labs manufacture most methamphetamine • DEA chemists find many bacteria and other germs in seized labs and others have reported that they were “crawling with bugs.” • Toxic chemicals used are put into the environment • Meth stimulates neurotransmitter dopamine in the body and brain

45. METH USER

46. NARCOTICS(FROM NARCOSIS MEANING TO DEADEN) • OPIUM – Used in Sumeria around 4,000 B.C.for medicinal purposes • No one smoked until thousands of years later • It was opium that first crippled an entire nation with addiction (1600s-1800s) in China (often mixed with tobacco)

47. In time, opium addiction began to subside as trade with England ended. • Morphine produced from opium in 1810-thought to be a cure for opium addiction • In the 1800s morphine used by doctors on soldiers during war time in Europe and the U.S. as painkillers • Thousands of soldiers became morphine addicts (400,000 U.S. from Civil War) • Heroin first synthesized in Germany in 1874 for its supposedly “heroic” power to cure morphine addiction

49. Opium – Sumeria for medicinal purposes 4,000 years ago • Morphine produced from opium in 1810 • Heroin synthesized in Germany 1874 used as a “cure” for morphine addiction • Methadone synthesized in 1939 in Germany • Methadone now used in some clinics to give to heroin addicts as a substitute

50. Narcotics could be ordered from the Sears catalogue in the 1800s • Heroin was prescribed to help with alcoholism in the U.S. • Harrison Act of 1914- passed to regulate and prohibit sale and use of narcotics • Heroin represents 90% of the narcotics addiction in the U.S. (1 million addicts) • Methadone used to help with heroinaddiction –clinics throughout the U.S.