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Surgery module – general principles

Surgery module – general principles. Adapted from “Guide for the care and use of laboratory animals”, NRC. Presurgical planning. Input from surgery team members Identify personnel, roles, training needs, equipment and supplies Location and nature of facilities

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Surgery module – general principles

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  1. Surgery module – general principles Adapted from “Guide for the care and use of laboratory animals”, NRC. NDSU-IACUC

  2. Presurgical planning • Input from surgery team members • Identify personnel, roles, training needs, equipment and supplies • Location and nature of facilities • Preoperative health assessment and postoperative care NDSU-IACUC

  3. Surgical procedures • Major • Penetrates and exposes a body cavity or produces substantial impairment of physical or physiologic functions • Laparotomy, thoracotamy, craniotomy • Minor • Does not expose a body cavity or cause physical impairment • Wound suturing, peripheral vessel cannulation, castration, dehorning, prolapse repair NDSU-IACUC

  4. Surgical procedures • Minor procedures still require aseptic technique, instruments and appropriate anesthesia • Nonsurvival surgery • Animal euthanatized before recovery • At a minimum clip the surgical site, wear gloves, and clean instruments and surrounding area NDSU-IACUC

  5. Sterilization methods • Autoclaving • Gas sterilization • Liquid chemical sterilants need adequate contact times • Rinse instruments with sterile water or saline before use • Alcohol is neither a sterilant or a high-level disinfectant NDSU-IACUC

  6. Good surgical technique • Asepsis • Gentle tissue handling • Minimal dissection of tissue • Appropriate use of instruments • Effective hemostasis • Correct suture material and patterns • Knowledge of species anatomy and physiology NDSU-IACUC

  7. Aseptic technique • Reduce microbial contamination to lowest possible practical level • Input and cooperation of all in surgery setting • Preparation of patient, hair removal, disinfection of operative site, preparation of surgeon, surgical scrub, surgical gloves, sterilization of equipment and supplies, and use of techniques which reduce likelihood of infection NDSU-IACUC

  8. Patient evaluation • Identification • Health status • Heart rate • Respiratory rate • Body temperature • Mucous membrane color • Hydration status NDSU-IACUC

  9. Preoperative procedures • Withhold food for 8 to 12 hours prior to surgery • Atropine 30 minutes before procedure • reduce vagal tone and anesthetic induced secretions • Open airway • Bland ophthalmic ointment on cornea • May need preanesthetic tranquilizer • Acepromazine, xylazine • Warm surgical area (30-35o C) • Hot water pad, hot water bottle, incandescent lamp NDSU-IACUC

  10. Anesthesia • Specific tranquilizers, anesthetics, analgesics, and protocols will be decided upon by the Primary Investigator with consultation by the Attending Veterinarian NDSU-IACUC

  11. Anesthesia • Inhalant anesthetics • Face mask, nose cone, covered chamber • Injectable anesthetics • Intraperitoneal • Aspirate back on syringe to insure an organ has not been hit • Intravascular • Intramuscular • Subcutaneous • Anesthetic machines NDSU-IACUC

  12. Anesthesia • Intubation • Endotracheal tube • Lubrication • Stylet • Laryngoscope • May need topical anesthetic to prevent laryngospasm (spasm of the larynx) • Secure tube NDSU-IACUC

  13. Depth of anesthesia • Increased depth of respiration • Slowed respiratory rate • Relaxation of jaw and abdominal musculature • Mucous membrane color • Slowed nictitating membrane reflex NDSU-IACUC

  14. Anesthetic overdose • Diaphragmatic breathing • Gasping • Loss of pupillary reflex • Loss of corneal reflex • Cyanosis • Protrusion of eyeball NDSU-IACUC

  15. Surgical monitoring • Check anesthetic depth • Check physiologic function • Heartbeat, respiration • Assessment of clinical signs • Ocular reflexes • Maintenance of body temperature • Blanket • Heating pad • Monitor for body burns NDSU-IACUC

  16. Post surgical care – before anesthetic recovery • Observation of the animal; Intervention as necessary • Turning of body every 30 minutes to prevent congestion of tissues • Clean, dry area • Attention to thermoregulatory, cardiovascular and respiratory function • Attention to postoperative pain and discomfort • Possible administration of fluids, analgesics or other drugs • Care of surgical sites • Record keeping NDSU-IACUC

  17. Post surgical care – after anesthetic recovery • Attention to basic biologic functions • Intake and elimination • Behavior signs of pain • Monitor for post surgical infections • Monitor surgical site • Bandage as appropriate • Timely removal of sutures, clips, staples NDSU-IACUC

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