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Causes of the American Revolution

Causes of the American Revolution. American Vision Chapter 4 Sections 1 & 2. French and Indian War. Between the French and the British over Ohio River Valley American Indians chose sides Most of the fighting was on the frontier The fighting in Europe was known as the Seven Years’ War

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Causes of the American Revolution

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  1. Causes of the American Revolution American Vision Chapter 4 Sections 1 & 2

  2. French and Indian War • Between the French and the British over Ohio River Valley • American Indians chose sides • Most of the fighting was on the frontier • The fighting in Europe was known as the Seven Years’ War • Turning Point: Quebec • British Victory! • Treaty of Paris 1763

  3. Albany Plan of Union • Albany Conference- Iroquois agreed to remain neutral • Benjamin Franklin tried to convince colonists to come together and form a common government • Colonies rejected the plan

  4. Proclamation of 1763 • King George • Declared colonists could not settle further west than the Appalachian Mountains • Angered colonists

  5. Britain Needs Money • Heavy cost of war (F&I) • Parliament decides colonies need to pay their fair share • George Grenville- sent smugglers to court in Nova Scotia for avoiding customs duties • Didn’t follow British common law • Did not get a speedy trial • Did not get a trial of peers

  6. Sugar Act (1764) • Increased tax on raw sugar and molasses • New tax on silk, wine, coffee, pimento and indigo

  7. “No Taxation Without Representation” - James Otis

  8. Currency Act of 1764 • Parliament banned the use of paper money in the colonies • Inflation- $$ lost it’s value

  9. Stamp Act • Stamps on all printed materials • Newspapers, pamphlets, posters, wills mortgages, deeds, licenses, diplomas, dice, playing cards • First direct tax on colonists

  10. Quartering Act • Colonists had to provide housing for British soldiers in the colonies

  11. Quartering Act

  12. Colonial Response • Sons of Liberty • Held meetings and printed pamphlets • Intimidated stamp distributors- effigies • Stamp Act Congress • Declaration of Rights and Grievances • Encouraged colonists to boycott British goods- non-importation agreement- until the Stamp Act was repealed • Successful

  13. Declaratory Act • Britain gets the last word… • Asserted that Parliament had the power to make laws and to tax the colonists

  14. Stamp Act and Declaratory Act

  15. Townshend Acts • Charles Townshend • Revenue Act- tax on glass, lead, paper, paint and tea • Writs of Assistance- allowed customs officers to enter any location to look for evidence of smuggling

  16. Colonial Response • John Dickinson Letters From a Pennsylvania Farmer • Only assemblies elected by colonists have the right to tax them • Masachusetts Circular Letter- Sam Adams • Asserted the taxes would be used to replace standing colonial assemblies

  17. House of Burgesses- Virginia Resolves • House is only body to tax Virginia • Colonies join in a new non-importation agreement • Daughters of Liberty- “homespun”

  18. Parliament….. • Dissolves Mass. Assembly • Dissolves House of Burgesses • Sent troops to Boston

  19. Boston Massacre • March 5, 1770

  20. After the massacre • Britain repealed all of the Townshend Acts….except for the tax on TEA

  21. Gaspee Affair • A ship, off the coast of Rhode Island, trying to catch smugglers • Searched ships without a warrant • Took food without paying • Ship ran aground- colonists seized and burned it • British sent committee to investigate, suspects removed to England for trial- violated trial by jury of peers

  22. Committees of Correspondence • Thomas Jefferson • Each colony had one • Communicated activities of the British • Helped to unify the colonies • Coordinated plans in resistance • Shaped public opinion

  23. Events leading up to the Boston Tea Party • British East India Company was nearly broke • Colonists smuggled foreign tea rather than pay tax • Tea Act (1773)- refunded 4/5 of taxes on tea • East India Company tea now cheaper than Dutch tea • Company could bypass American merchants and sell directly to shopkeepers

  24. American merchants felt they were being squeezed out of business • Committees of Correspondence decided tea should not be allowed to land • NY an Philadelphia- ships were forced to go back home • Charles Town- Tea was seized and stored

  25. Boston Tea Party • Dec 1773 • 150 men boarded the ships and dumped the chests of tea into the harbor

  26. British Response • King George III and Parliament pass the Coercive Acts (Intolerable Acts) • Boston’s Port shut down until tea was paid for • Massachusetts lost ability to elect officials • Banned town meetings • British soldiers transferred to England for trial • Colonists had to provide housing for troops in their own homes

  27. Troops were sent in to New England • General Thomas Gage was appointed as the governor of Massachusetts • Violated several traditional English Rights • Quebec Act (added)- stated a governor and council appointed by the king would run Quebec. Also gave more territory to Quebec • *****Colonists feared British were trying to seize control of the colonial governments

  28. 1st Continental Congress • September 5, 1774 • Most colonies sent representatives • Most delegates were moderates- opposed to Intolerable Acts but still believed in compromise • Some were radicals- ready to fight • Considered a federal government (similar to that of the Albany Plan of Union) • Drafted the Declaration of Rights and Grievances

  29. Declaration of Rights and Grievances • Loyalty to the king • Condemned the Intolerable acts • Non-importation of British goods

  30. Minutemen • Massachusetts began forming a militia of minutemen • Men who were ready “at a minute’s warning” • This infuriated the British

  31. Colonists take sides

  32. Loyalists • Loyal to the king • Also known as Tories • Government officials, Anglican ministers • Prominent merchants and landowners • A few backcountry farmers • Georgia, Carolinas, New York

  33. Patriots • Believed the king had become a tyrant • Also known as Whigs • Artisans, farmers, merchants, lawyers, urban workers • New England and Virginia

  34. A civil war • Between loyalists and patriots • Patriots tarred and feathered Loyalists • Broke up Loyalist meetings • Patriots were more organized

  35. Many Americans did not choose a side…they “rode the fence” • They would support whomever won

  36. Concord and Lexington • General Gage wanted to seize the militia’s supply dept in Concord • April 18, 1775 • Patriots sent Paul Revere and William Dawes to alert the militia

  37. Lexington • 40 minutemen • British ordered them to disperse • A shot was fired (by whom?????) • British returned fire • 8 dead, 10 wounded

  38. Concord • Military supplies had already been moved • 400 militia met them on the North Bridge • British retreat

  39. Back to Boston • Militia and farmers hid along the way and attacked the British • 99 dead and 174 wounded by the time they reached Boston • Colonial losses: 49 dead, 46 wounded • News spread throughout the colonies • Other colonial militias arrived… surrounded the British in Boston

  40. 2nd Continental Congress • June 15, 1775 • The current militia army became the Continental Army • Congress appointed George Washington as the commander in chief of the army

  41. Continental Congress

  42. Battle in Boston • Breed’s Hill- militia built a fort at the top • British troops attempted to take control of the hill • At a disadvantage with heavy packs and wool uniforms AND they were going UPHILL • Militia only retreated when they ran out of ammunition • Came to be known as the Battle of Bunker Hill • Helped build American confidence

  43. Battle of Bunker Hill

  44. Olive Branch Petition • John Dickinson • Colonies still loyal to the king • Wanted to work things out peacefully • King George III refused to even look at it • Radicals had sent troops to attack Brits in Quebec….King was convinced reconciliation was impossible

  45. Loyalist Armies • 2 in VA- 1 white, 1 African • Slaves promised freedom in return for service • Convinced southern planters to hope for American independence

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