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GENETIC ENGINEERING. What is genetic engineering. Genetic engineering, also known as recombinant DNA technology , means altering the genes in a living organism to produce a Genetically Modified Organism (GMO) with a new genotype. HOW?
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What is genetic engineering • Genetic engineering, also known as recombinant DNA technology, means altering the genes in a living organism to produce a Genetically Modified Organism (GMO) with a new genotype. • HOW? -Inserting a foreign gene from one species into another, forming a transgenic organism -Altering an existing gene so that its product is changed -Changing gene expression so that it is translated more often or not at all.
Genetic Engineers can alter the DNA code of living organisms. Methods Selective Breeding Recombinant DNA Transgenic Organisms PCR Gel Electrophoresis Genetic Engineering
The ability to combine the DNA of one organism with the DNA of another organism. Recombinant DNA technology was first used in the 1970’s with bacteria. How is this done? By using Restriction Enzymes and Vectors Recombinant DNA
What are they? • Restriction Enzymes: (Restriction Endonuclease) DNA cutting enzymes that cut both strands at specific nucleotide sequence. Restriction enzymes recognize a specific sequence of nucleotidesand produce a double-stranded cut in the DNA. These specific nucleotide sequences are known as restriction sites. These recognition sequences vary between 4 and 8 nucleotides
Tools for Recombination • Restriction enzymes
DNA transfer: -Vectors: Carrier for DNA during the recombinant DNA process. It is a means which DNA from another species can be carried into the host cell. Plasmid: Piece of free-floating DNA in the cytoplasm of bacteria.double-stranded, circular molecule that replicate independently of the chromosome.
Remove bacterial DNA (plasmid). Cut the Bacterial DNA with “restriction enzymes”. Cut the DNA from another organism with “restriction enzymes”. Combine the cut pieces of DNA together with another enzyme and insert them into bacteria. Reproduce the recombinant bacteria. The foreign genes will be expressed in the bacteria. Recombinant Bacteria
PLANTS disease-resistant and insect-resistant crops 2. Hardier fruit 3. 70-75% of food in supermarket is genetically modified. The DNA of plants and animals can also be altered.
Benefits of Recombinant Bacteria • Bacteria can make human insulin or human growth hormone. 2. Bacteria can be engineered to “eat” oil spills.
Glo fish • Fluorescent zebra fish were specially bred to help detect environmental pollutants. • Natural fluorescence gene was added to the fish • scientists are able to quickly and easily determine when our waterways are contaminated
1.Create recombinant bacteria with desired gene. 2. Allow the bacteria to “infect" the plant cells. 3. Desired gene is inserted into plant chromosomes. How to Create a Genetically Modified Plant
TRANSGENIC ANIMALS: Mice – used to study human immune system Chickens – more resistant to infections 3. Goats, sheep and pigs – produce human proteins in their milk An organism that contain functional recombinant DNA from a different organism Genetically modified organisms are called transgenic organisms.
Transgenic mice • Two baby mice - same age • Human Growth hormone inserted into the embryo of the mouse on the left. Causes rapid growth in the newborn • The mouse on the right is a normal sized mouse
